In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

Day (2018:3) states that 'writing is a uniquely powerful, precise and satisfying form of expression. It is also a vital skill for future employment'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Writing is a powerful way to communicate and is a critical skill for employment (Day 2018).

Day (2018) emphasises the importance of writing as a compelling way to communicate and an essential skill for employment.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Use the initials of the author's given name(s).

• Italicise the title of the book.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Rule

Author’s family name Initial (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

Deegan C (2019) An introduction to accounting: accountability in organisations and society, Cengage Learning Australia, Southbank.

Use the full word and when citing two authors. This applies to referring directly to the authors in a sentence or if citing them in parentheses.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

Hill and Martinez-Diez (2020:18) assert that 'building plans tend to ignore climate risks in most instances'.

'Building plans tend to ignore climate risks in most instances' (Hill and Martinez-Diez 2020:18).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The consequences of climate change are not factored into most building plans (Hill and Martinez-Diez 2020).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initials of each author's given name(s). Use and to separate the two authors.

• Italicise the title of the book.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Rule

Author's family name Initial and Author’s family name Initial (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

Hill AC and Martinez-Diaz L (2020) Building a resilient tomorrow: how to prepare for the coming climate disruption, Oxford University Press, New York.

For in-text citations, give only the first author's family name, followed by et al. and the publication year.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

In the context of nursing, decision making is defined by DeLaune et al. (2019:63) as 'considering and selecting interventions from a range of actions that facilitate the achievement of a desired outcome'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Decision making, when applied to the nursing profession, means the selection of careful consideration of interventions from a broad spectrum of actions that can lead to a satisfactory outcome (DeLaune et al. 2019).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initials of each author's given name(s). Use and to separate the last two authors.

• Italicise the title of the book.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Rule

Author’s family name Initial, Author’s family name Initial and Author’s family name Initial (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

Mewburn I, Firth K and Lehmann S (2018) How to fix your academic writing trouble: a practical guide, Open University Press, Maidenhead.

Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.

When the author's name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form for your in-text citations in parentheses if the organisation uses it regularly and it has become commonly accepted, e.g. 'OECD' rather than 'Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development'. This saves you space. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'Extreme weather events are taking their toll across the globe', with the world having already increased in temperature by an average of 1° Celsius (OECD 2019:15).

The International Civil Aviation Organization (2018:1-1) defines safety management as a role that 'seeks to proactively mitigate safety risks before they result in aviation accidents and incidents'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The Business Council of Australia (2019) is in favour of stopping the stimulus and increasing productivity through job creation.

Human health and food and water security will be increasingly threatened by climate change without an accelerated climate mitigation response (OECD 2019).

Managing aviation safety is about having a proactive approach in minimising the risk of accidents or incidents (International Civil Aviation Organization 2018).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Italicise the title of the book.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

• If you have used the abbreviated (shortened name) form of the organisation's name in your writing, use it in your reference list, too. Put the abbreviated (shortened name) form followed by the full version name in parentheses.

• If you have not used the abbreviated (shortened name) form in your writing, and only used the full version of the organisation's name instead, leave out abbreviated name and only put full version name.

Rule (used abbreviated name in writing)

Abbreviated Name (Full Organisation Name) (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) (2018) Safety management manual, 4th edn, ICAO, Montréal.

Rule (used full version name in writing)

Full Organisation Name (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of publisher, doi:number OR Place of publication [if no DOI].

Example

International Civil Aviation Organization (2018) Safety management manual, 4th edn, International Civil Aviation Organization, Montréal.

In place of the author, cite the book title and the year. Italicise the book title. If quoting, include a colon and page number (if available) after the year.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004:23) claims that Australia is 'a major provider of international education and training services'.

According to A Warning (2019:15) 'the...'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004).

A Warning (2019) argues that Trump’s presidency was one of America’s most tumultuous.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• If there is no author, begin with the title of the book (italicised), followed by the publication year in brackets.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Rule

Title (Year) edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

A Warning (2019) Little Brown, London.

When citing two or more works by the same author(s) in the same in-text citation, place the years of publication in chronological order after the author(s)'s name. If the works were written in the same year, place a letter after the year of each work, i.e. a after the first, b after the second and so on. For example: (2020a), (2020b).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The ubiquity of social media has been observed to have detrimental effects on the reliability of knowledge (Lynch 2016, 2019).

Jenkins (2020a, 2020b) has identified several strategies for maintaining employee motivation.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Arrange works by the same author(s) by year of publication, with the earliest year first. If the books have been published in the same year, put a letter after the year of each work, i.e. a after the first, b after the second and so on. For example: (2020a), (2020b).

• List all authors as they appear on the title page of the books. Use the initials of each author's given name(s). Use and to separate the last two authors.

• Italicise the title of the books.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Examples

Lynch MP (2016) The internet of us: knowing more and understanding less in the age of big data, Liveright Publishing Corporation, New York.

Lynch MP (2019) Know-it-all society: truth and arrogance in political culture, Liveright Publishing Corporation, New York.

In your reference list:

• For a book with an edition number that is not the first, add the number and the abbreviation edn after the title of the book. There is no need to include edition information if a book is a first edition, or if no edition is mentioned.

• List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initials of each author's given name(s). Use and to separate the last two authors.

• Italicise the title of the book.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

Day T (2018) Success in academic writing, 2nd edn, Palgrave, Basingstoke.

Generally, an edited book includes chapters written by different authors.

In your in-text citation, use the name of the chapter author(s), not the name of the book editor(s). Editor details are included in the reference list.

If you use an edited book where the chapters have no identified authors, give the editor(s)'s family name as the author(s) in an in-text citation.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'In the past decade smart technology, including networking and big data have given ways to organizations to expand their horizons' (Sahai et al. 2021:102).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Sahai et al. (2021) have noted that opportunities have increased for organisations as a result of the development of smart technology.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Use (ed) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.

• Enclose the chapter title in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• After the chapter title, insert the word in before the name of the editor(s).

• List according to the name of the chapter author(s), not the name of the book editor(s).

• List all chapter authors as they appear on the title page of the chapter, and all editors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initials of each author and editor's given name(s). Use and to separate the last two chapter authors and editors.

• Italicise the title of the book.

• If a book has an edition number and it is not the first, add the number and abbreviation edn after the title.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Rule

Author's family name initial (Year) 'Title of chapter: subtitle of chapter', in Editor's family name initial (ed/s) Title of book: subtitle of book, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

Sahai S, Goel R and Singh G (2021) 'Building the world of internet of things', in Abraham A, Dash SY, Liang Y and Pani SK (eds) Advanced soft computing techniques in data science, IoT and cloud computing, Springer International Publishing AG, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75657-4.

In the reference list, add (ed) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.

An edited book will follow the same in-text citation rules as books with authors. Please see these relevant sections on this page

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• List all editors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initials of each editor's given name(s). Use and to separate the last two editors.

• Italicise the title of the book.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Rule

Editor's family name Initial (ed/s) (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

Meiner S and Yeager JJ (eds) (2019) Gerontologic nursing, 6th edn, Elsevier, St. Louis.

For online books sourced from Library databases or websites.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The first example below comes from an e-book that has a page number, i.e. 35. The second example does not have page numbers:

'The first Legal Aboriginal Service was founded in response to persistent police discrimination and the legal system’s failure to curtail it' (Perheentupa 2020:35).

Shann (1948) argues in the opening paragraphs of Chapter 1 that 'neither legal restrictions nor isolation made the "settlers from convicts" better able to read the riddle of agriculture in a climate fruitful at times but fatally capricious'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

In 1970, fighting relentless police discrimination, and feeling let down by the current legal system, together with law students and lawyers, Aboriginal activists established the first Legal Aboriginal Service in Redfern (Perheentupa 2020).

Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia's agricultural economy at the time of Governor Phillip.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initials of each author's given name(s). Use and to separate the last two authors.

• Italicise the title of the book.

• If there is an edition number (not the first), include after the book title followed by the word edn, e.g. 7th edn.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

• As books are published in editions, you do not need to include the date you accessed it online.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Examples

Carroll H (2017) Read this if you want to take great photographs, Laurence King Publishing, London.

Edwards M, Howard C and Miller R (2020) Social policy, public policy: from problem to practice, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781003117254.

Perheentupa J (2020) Redfern: Aboriginal activism in the 1970s, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.

Pinheiro MM and Costa AJ (2021) Accounting ethics education: teaching virtues and values, Taylor & Francis Group, doi:10.4324/9780429321597.

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author

If there is no author, cite the encyclopedia or dictionary title and the year. Italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title. If quoting, include a colon and page number (if available) after the year.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

Megaphone democracy is defined as 'the diplomatic strategy of talking freely in public forums about an issue in order to persuade people to accept a particular point of view' (Macquarie dictionary 2017:936).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

In order to focus attention on persuading people about a particular issue, megaphone democracy can often be employed through the context of public forums (Macquarie dictionary 2017).

Reference list entry

Encyclopedia or dictionary entries without an author do not need to be included in the reference list.

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author

In-text citation: Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

If quoting, include a colon and page number (if available) after the year.

'Philosophical conversations about determinism can be traced back through history as the question of whether human existence is planned or random and have perennially captured the imagination of thoughtful people' (Baird 2018:890).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The historical record testifies to the continued importance of determinism as a philosophical issue among curious and inquiring minds (Baird 2018).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• For an encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author, enclose the title of the entry in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.

• If the encyclopedia or dictionary is edited, insert the word in before the name of the editor(s). Use (ed) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.

• If there is an edition number that is not the first, add the number and the abbreviation edn after the title.

• List all entry authors as they appear in the entry, or all editors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initials of each author or editor's given name(s). Use and to separate the last two authors or editors.

• Include the name of the publisher, followed by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a full stop. If there is no DOI, include the place of publication (city name) instead.

Rule

Author's family name initial (Year) 'Title of entry', in Editor's family name initial (ed/s) [if edited], Title of encyclopedia or dictionary: subtitle of encyclopedia or dictionary, edition number edn [if not first], Name of Publisher, doi:number OR Place of Publication [if no DOI].

Example

Baird C (2018) 'Determinism', in Kolb RW (ed), The SAGE encyclopedia of business ethics and society, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks.

Neal M (2019) 'Damascus Securities Exchange', A dictionary of business and management in the Middle East and North Africa, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780191843266.001.0001.

• The author may be a person/people or an organisation.

• If there is no author, cite the publication title and the year. Italicise the publication title.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'Co-tenancy is the most common type of shared housing arrangement' (Tenants Victoria 2020).

Regarding paediatric ultrasound, the Specialist Imaging For Women (c. 2021) offers 'neonatal hip ultrasound – screening for developmental hip dysplasia – up to 6 months of age'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Tenants Victoria's (2020) fact sheet reports provides information for people sharing a house or apartment.

The Specialist Imaging for Women provides neonatal hip ultrasounds for babies up to 6 months of age to determine the presence of developmental hip dysplasia (Specialist Imaging For Women c. 2021).

Reference list entry

• As details will vary for brochures and pamphlets, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship, publication information, etc.

• Italicise the publication title.

• After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, e.g. [brochure], [pamphlet].

Rule

Author's family name Initial OR Organisation's name (Year) Title: subtitle of pamphlet or brochure [format], Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.

Examples

ACMI (Australian Centre for the Moving Image) (2021) Disney: the magic of animation [brochure], ACMI, Melbourne.

Specialist Imaging For Women (c.2021) Paediatrics services [pamphlet], Specialist Imaging For Women, Ivanhoe, VIC.

An exhibition catalogue can be physical (print) or online from a website.

The author may be a person/people or the gallery/museum/public space (e.g. library).

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'The art of costume seems to have been intrinsically linked to Chanel's career path' (NGV International:259).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The exhibition catalogue (NGV International 2021) provides an insightful analysis of the influences of the development of Chanel’s style and its ongoing impact on fashion.

Reference list entry

• As details will vary for exhibition catalogues, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship, publication information, etc.

• Italicise the exhibition title. After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, e.g. [print exhibition catalogue], [online exhibition catalogue].

• Add the exhibition dates after the format. For example: [print exhibition catalogue], 11 March 2022 - 27 May 2022.

• If physical (print): after the exhibition dates, add the name of the publisher and place of publication.

• If online (website): after the exhibition dates, add the name of the website followed by the word website. Then put the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule (if physical/print)

Author's family name Initial OR Name of Gallery/Museum/Public Space [if author] (Year of publication) Title of exhibition [format], Day Month Year of exhibition, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example

NGV International (2020) Gabrielle Chanel. Fashion manifesto [print exhibition catalogue], 5 December 2020 – 25 April 2021, National Gallery of Victoria and Thames & Hudson, Melbourne.

Rule (if online -- website)

Author's family name Initial OR Name of Gallery/Museum/Public Space [if author] (Year of publication) Title of exhibition [format], Day Month Year of exhibition, Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

Carpenter JT (2012) Designing nature: the Rinpa aesthetic in Japanese art [online exhibition catalogue], 26 May 2012 – 13 January 2013, The Metropolitan Museum of Art website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Designing_Nature_The_Rinpa_Aesthetic_in_Japanese_Art?Tag=Notable%20exhibition%20catalogues&title=&author=&pt=&tc=&dept=&fmt=

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

One of the themes of their Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) program, according to Papadopoulou (2020:686), is 'fostering in our students a strong sense of professional identity and empowering them to develop and even redefine their practice'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) program aims to develop students' professional self and enable them to build and reinvent their practice (Papadopoulou 2020).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Use the initials of the author's given name(s).

• Enclose publication year in parentheses after the author.

• If no publication year supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, then write c. (meaning ‘circa’ or approximately) followed by the year.

• Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and italicise the journal title.

• After journal title, include volume number followed issue number in parentheses. If no issue number is supplied, leave it out. After issue number, include a colon (:) followed by the page number range, i.e. start and end page. If page range not available, put the start page instead.

• If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in lower case after the pagination. If no DOI is available and the work was sourced from a print (physical/hardcopy) journal, end pagination with a full stop and add no more. If the work was sourced from an online e-journal and there is no DOI, after the pagination add the accessed date and database name (if sourced from a library database) or accessed date and URL link (if sourced from a website). Please see the e-Journal article section below for more details and examples.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Journal, volume(issue):start page-end page, doi:number [if available].

Example

Papadopoulou M (2020) 'Supporting the development of early years students' professional identities through an action research programme', Educational Action Research, 28(4):686-699, doi:10.1080/09650792.2019.1652196.

For two authors, use and to separate them. This applies to both referring to the authors in the sentence and references in parentheses at the end of the sentence.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'In the field of design, novelty is widely acknowledged as a key parameter for creativity assessments' (Fiorineschi and Rotini 2021:590).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Fiorineschi and Rotini (2021) explain that the design discipline commonly recognises novelty as an important factor in assessing creativity.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• List all authors in the order in which they appear in the article. Use the initials of each author's given name(s). All authors' names are included in the reference list.

• Use and to separate the two authors.

• Enclose publication year in parentheses after the second author.

• If no publication year supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, then write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year.

• Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and italicise the journal title.

• After journal title, include volume number followed issue number in parentheses. If no issue number is supplied, leave it out. After issue number, include a colon (:) followed by the page number range, i.e. start and end page. If page range not available, put the start page instead.

• If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in lower case after the pagination. If no DOI is available and the work was sourced from a print (physical/hardcopy) journal, end pagination with a full stop and add no more. If the work was sourced from an online e-journal and there is no DOI, after the pagination add the accessed date and database name (if sourced from a library database) or accessed date and URL link (if sourced from a website). Please see the e-Journal article section below for more details and examples.

Rule

Author's family name Initial and Author's family name Initial (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Journal, volume(issue):start page-end page, doi:number [if available].

Example

Fiorineschi L and Rotini F (2021) 'Novelty metrics in engineering design', Journal of Engineering Design, 32(11):590-620, doi:10.1080/09544828.2021.1928024.

Shorten the in-text citation to the first author followed by et al. (Latin for 'and others'). All authors are included in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'Computational ethology has proven transformative for animal behavioral neuroscience' (Mobbs et al. 2021:2224).

Bichler et al. (2021:1829) assert that 'different polymer architectures behave differently regarding their dynamics'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Mobbs et al. (2021) indicate that animal behavioural neuroscience has been significantly influenced and changed by computational ethology.

With respect to their dynamics, polymer architectures vary in their behaviours (Bichler et al. 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• List all authors in the order in which they appear in the article. Use the initials of each author's given name(s). All authors' names are included in the reference list.

• Use and to separate last two authors.

• Enclose publication year in parentheses after last author.

• If no publication year supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, then write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year.

• Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and italicise the journal title.

• After journal title, include volume number followed issue number in parentheses. If no issue number is supplied, leave it out. After issue number, include a colon (:) followed by the page number range, i.e. start and end page. If page range not available, put the start page instead.

• If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in lower case after the pagination. If no DOI is available and the work was sourced from a print (physical/hardcopy) journal, end pagination with a full stop and add no more. If the work was sourced from an online e-journal and there is no DOI, after the pagination add the accessed date and database name (if sourced from a library database) or accessed date and URL link (if sourced from a website). Please see the e-Journal article section below for more details and examples.

Rule

Author's family name Initial, Author's family name Initial and Author's family name Initial (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Journal, volume(issue):start page-end page, doi:number [if available].

Examples

Bichler KJ, Jakobi B and Schneider GJ (2021) 'Dynamical comparison of different polymer architectures - bottlebrush vs linear polymer', Macromolecules, 54(4):1829-1837, doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02104.

Mobbs D, Wise T, Suthana N, Guzmán N, Kriegeskorte N and Leibo JZ (2021) 'Promises and challenges of human computational ethology', Neuron, 109(14):2224-2238, doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.021.

If the journal article does not have a person identified as the author, begin the reference with the name of the journal instead (do no italicise) followed by the year of the article.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The examples below come from a source that does not have page numbers:

'The disease has a severe impact on patients' lives, causing a constellation of cranial and systemic symptoms...' (The Lancet Rheumatology 2021).

The Lancet Rheumatology (2021) explains in the opening paragraph that '...there is only one targeted drug approved for the disease, despite decades of research...'

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

For people aged over 50 years, even though it is a rare illness, giant cell arteritis is the most common type of vasculitis (The Lancet Rheumatology 2021).

The Lancet Rheumatology (2021) states that for people aged over 50 years, giant cell arteritis is the most common type of vasculitis, even though it is a rare illness.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• If the journal article does not have a person identified as the author, use the name of the journal instead (do no italicise) followed by the year of the article in parentheses, e.g. The Lancet Rheumatology (2021).

• If no publication year supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, then write c. (meaning ‘circa’ or approximately) followed by the year.

• Put the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise only the second instance of the journal name after the article title.

• After the second instance of the journal name, include the volume number followed by issue number in parentheses. If no issue number is supplied, leave it out. After issue number, include a colon (:) followed by the page number range, i.e. start and end page. If page range is not available, put the start page instead.

• If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in lower case after the pagination. If no DOI is available and the work was sourced from a print (physical/hardcopy) journal, end pagination with a full stop and add no more. If the work was sourced from an online e-journal and there is no DOI, after the pagination add the accessed date and database name (if sourced from a library database) or accessed date and URL link (if sourced from a website). Please see the e-Journal article section below for more details and examples.

Rule

Name of Journal (Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Journal, volume(issue):start page-end page, doi:number [if available].

Example

The Lancet Rheumatology (2021) 'Giant cell arteritis: one size does not fit all', The Lancet Rheumatology, 3(12):E819, doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00364-7.

For online journal articles sourced from Library databases or websites.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The first example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 163. The second example does not have page numbers:

In the introduction to their study of consumer purchasing preferences, Liang et al. (2021:163) observe that 'the Internet of Things (IoT), especially smart home technology, has been rapidly advancing and has finally reached mainstream markets and user segments'.

'The association between SSB [sugar-sweetened beverages] consumption and both endometrial and ovarian cancer risk tended to be positive but did not reach statistically significant levels' (Llaha et al. 2021).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Liang et al. (2021) claim that consumers, due to their beliefs about connectivity efficiency with the Internet of Things, display a high level of brand loyalty when purchasing smart devices and products for the home.

Although Llaha et al. (2021) discovered that there is a correlation between drinking sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and developing endometrial and ovarian cancer, it was minor and insignificant.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• List all authors and other bibliographic details in the same way as with other journal article examples.

• List all authors in the order in which they appear in the article. Use the initials of each author's given name(s).

• For two authors, use and to separate them.

• For three or more authors, use and to separate last two names.

• Enclose publication year in parentheses after the author. If there is no author, enclose the year in parentheses after article title.

• If no publication year supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, then write c. (meaning ‘circa’ or approximately) followed by the year.

• Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and italicise the journal title.

• After journal title, include volume number followed issue number in parentheses. If no issue number is supplied, leave it out. After issue number, include a colon (:) followed by the page number range, i.e. start and end page. If page range not available, put the start page instead.

• If available, include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in lower case after the pagination. If no DOI available, add the database name (if sourced from library database) or URL (if sourced from website).

• Sourced from a website: add the name of the website followed by the word website. Then put the accessed date (e.g. accessed 26 November 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

• Sourced from a library database: add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 26 November 2021), then a comma, a space and the database name followed by the word database.

Examples

Barkela B (2021) 'Leadership communication and knowledge integration across the artistic, technical and administration area in theaters', Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 51(6):393-409, doi:10.1080/10632921.2021.1974628.

Llaha F, Gil-Lespinard M, Unal P, de Villasante I, Castañeda J and Zamora-Ros R (2021) 'Consumption of sweet beverages and cancer risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies', Nutrients, 13(2):516, MDPI Open Access Journals website, accessed 26 November 2021. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/2/516/htm

Wilson C, Marks Woolfson L and Durkin K (2020) 'School environment and mastery experience as predictors of teachers' self-efficacy beliefs towards inclusive teaching', International Journal of Inclusive Education, 24(2):218-234, accessed 26 November 2021, Taylor & Francis Online database.

In hardcopy (print) format.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'The pay of bank chief executives could be linked to climate change targets in the future' (Yeates 2021:24).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Citi analysts predict a link between investors' expectations to meet climate change targets and bank chief executive renumeration (Yeates 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• Italicise the newspaper or magazine title.

• Include the full publication date in brackets after author (e.g. 6 December 2021).

Rule

Author’s family name Initial (Day Month Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Newspaper or Magazine.

Examples

Yeates C (6 December 2021) 'CEO pay of big banks could be linked to climate change targets', The Age.

Wright S and Duke J (9 October 2021) 'RBA issues warning as property prices surge', The Age.

In hardcopy (print) format.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 25:

'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting the needs of those who rely on its services' (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021:25).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• If the newspaper or magazine article does not have a person identified as the author, put the name of the newspaper or magazine instead (do no italicise) followed by the day, month and year of the article in parentheses, e.g. Financial Review (7 August 2021).

• Put the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• Italicise only the second instance of the newspaper or magazine name after the article title.

Rule

Name of Newspaper or Magazine (Day Month Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Newspaper or Magazine.

Example

Financial Review (7 August 2021) 'Small business response to COVID-19', Financial Review.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The examples below come from sources that do not have page numbers:

'Bringing forward plans for a third vaccine dose could protect against the new strain [of COVID-19] if it appeared to spread more quickly' (Blakely cited in Proust and Gailberger 2021).

Wright and Duke (2021) begin their article on housing affordability by reporting on the Reserve Bank of Australia’s statement that although increases in property value had provided a 'financial boost to people already with a home', the 'market could take on a life of its own' if those looking to buy property accumulate too much debt.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Proust and Gailberger (2021) report that virus specialist, Professor Tony Blakely, has stated that if it proves to be prolific, the new strain of COVID-19 could potentially be contained by a third vaccine.

Although soaring property values have been beneficial for home-owners, there are risks for those looking to buy a house if they acquired additional debt beyond what they could afford (Wright and Duke 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Include the day, month and year of article in parentheses after the author.

• Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• Italicise the newspaper or magazine name.

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), then the database name followed by the word database.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Day Month Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Newspaper or Magazine, accessed Day Month Year, Name of Database database.

Example

Hall J (24 June 2022) 'It's time for a change', Herald Sun, accessed 4 July 2022, Factiva database.

If the newspaper or magazine article does not have a person identified as the author, begin the reference with the name of the newspaper or magazine instead (do no italicise) followed by the day, month and year of the article.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 25:

'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting the needs of those who rely on its services' (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021:25).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• If the newspaper or magazine article does not have a person identified as the author, use the name of the newspaper or magazine instead (do no italicise) followed by the day, month and year of the article in parentheses, e.g. The Age (28 June 2022).

• Put the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• Italicise only the second instance of the newspaper or magazine name after the article title.

• After the second instance of the newspaper or magazine name, add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), then the database name followed by the word database.

Rule

Name of Newspaper (Day Month Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Newspaper or Magazine, accessed Day Month Year, Name of Database database.

Example

The Age (28 June 2022) 'Mental health issues top chronic illness list: health', The Age, accessed 4 July 2022, Australia & New Zealand Newsstream database.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The examples below come from sources that do not have page numbers:

'Bringing forward plans for a third vaccine dose could protect against the new strain [of COVID-19] if it appeared to spread more quickly' (Blakely cited in Proust and Gailberger 2021).

Wright and Duke (2021) begin their article on housing affordability by reporting on the Reserve Bank of Australia's statement that although increases in property value had provided a 'financial boost to people already with a home', the 'market could take on a life of its own' if those looking to buy property accumulate too much debt.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Proust and Gailberger (2021) report that virus specialist, Professor Tony Blakely, has stated that if it proves to be prolific, the new strain of COVID-19 could potentially be contained by a third vaccine.

Although soaring property values have been beneficial for home-owners, there are risks for those looking to buy a house if they acquired additional debt beyond what they could afford (Wright and Duke 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Include the day, month and year of article in parentheses after the author.

• Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• Italicise the newspaper or magazine name.

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Day Month Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Newspaper or Magazine, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

Proust M and Gailberger J (28 November 2021) 'Experts call for booster shots to be given earlier as Omicron confirmed in Australia', Herald Sun, accessed 29 November 2021. https://www.heraldsun.com.au/coronavirus/experts-call-for-booster-shots-to-be-given-earlier-as-omicron-confirmed-in-australia/news-story/23b3c3a3baa4c0bed542c892c6a6a84a

If the newspaper or magazine article does not have a person identified as the author, begin the reference with the name of the newspaper or magazine instead (do no italicise) followed by the day, month and year of the article.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 25:

'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting the needs of those who rely on its services' (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021:25).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• If the newspaper or magazine article does not have a person identified as the author, use the name of the newspaper or magazine instead (do no italicise) followed by the day, month and year of the article in parentheses, e.g. The Age (24 January 2022).

• Put the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• Italicise only the second instance of the newspaper or magazine name after the article title.

• After the second instance of the newspaper or magazine name, add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 2 November 2021) followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Name of Newspaper or Magazine (Day Month Year) 'Title of article: subtitle of article', Name of Newspaper or Magazine, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

The Age (24 January 2022) 'Economists tip August interest rate hike as the cost of living rises', The Age, accessed 24 January 2022. https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/economists-tip-august-interest-rate-hike-as-the-cost-of-living-rises-20220124-p59qoc.html

Generally, conference papers are published within conference proceedings, either online or in hardcopy (print) format. In most cases, a conference paper (rather than the conference proceedings) will be used as a reference.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 76:

'Students should engage in critical self-reflection regarding their ability to apply the theory they study to their future employment' (Rasmussen and Ngwenya 2021:76).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Rasmussen and Ngwenya (2021) argue that a successful blended learning environment requires that students are adequately supported.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Enclose the title of the conference paper in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and write the name of the conference in italics.

• After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [conference presentation].

• The place of conference is the city the conference was held in. Put after the name of the conference.

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), then the database name followed by the word database.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Day Month Year of conference) 'Title of paper: subtitle of paper' [format], Name of Conference, Place of Conference, accessed Day Month Year, Name of Database database.

Example

Udoh E and Getov V (3-5 November 2020) 'Performance and energy-tuning methodology for wireless sensor networks using tunable MAC' [conference presentation], 2020 International Conference on Communications, Computing, Cybersecurity, and Informatics (CCCI), Sharjah, accessed 13 December 2021, IEEE Xplore database.

Generally, conference papers are published within conference proceedings, either online or in hardcopy (print) format. In most cases, a conference paper (rather than the conference proceedings) will be used as a reference.

A conference paper from a webpage will generally be sourced from the conference's website or the website of the organisation hosting the conference.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 76:

'Students should engage in critical self-reflection regarding their ability to apply the theory they study to their future employment' (Rasmussen and Ngwenya 2021:76).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Rasmussen and Ngwenya (2021) argue that a successful blended learning environment requires that students are adequately supported.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Enclose the title of the conference paper in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and write the name of the conference in italics.

• After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [conference presentation].

• The place of conference is the city the conference was held in. Put after the name of the conference.

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Day Month Year of conference) 'Title of paper: subtitle of paper' [format], Name of Conference, Place of Conference, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

Wertenbroch K (17-29 October 2019) 'The dark side of microtargeting: predicting consumers' preferences threatens their sense of free will' [conference presentation], Association for Consumer Research Conference, Atlanta, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.acrwebsite.org/web/conferences/north-american-conference

For conference papers sourced from conference proceedings in hardcopy (print) format, use the referencing rules for a Book chapter in an edited book.

An unpublished conference paper is a work in progress, has already been submitted for publication but has yet to be published, or has been completed but has not been submitted for publication yet.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 76:

'Students should engage in critical self-reflection regarding their ability to apply the theory they study to their future employment' (Rasmussen and Ngwenya 2021:76).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Rasmussen and Ngwenya (2021) argue that a successful blended learning environment requires that students are adequately supported.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• After the author(s), add the date of the conference in parentheses in day, month and year format.

• Enclose the title of the conference paper in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and write the name of the conference in italics.

• After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [unpublished conference presentation].

• The place of conference is the city the conference was held in. Put after the name of the conference.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Day Month Year) 'Title of paper: subtitle of paper' [format], Name of Conference, Place of Conference.

Example

Garner R and Whitbread R (19-21 October 2021) 'Implementing a safety case regulatory regime for spaceflight activities' [unpublished conference presentation], 11th IAASS Conference: Managing Risk in Space, Rotterdam.

An entire website is only cited if you are referring to its content or purpose in general, or if you cannot link the information to a particular webpage.

For example, when referring to a website as a general resource in your assignment, you should link to that website homepage in the reference list. However, if you cite specific content from a particular webpage on the website, you need to identify the specific webpage in your reference list.

The author can be an individual person or organisation.

Include the author's name (individual or corporate), followed by publication year (e.g. 2021).

If a webpage does not have an author name (individual or organisation), use the title of the webpage in italics, followed by year of publication.

If the author's name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form in parentheses for your in-text citation if the organisation uses it regularly and it has become commonly accepted, e.g. 'WHO' rather than 'World Health Organization'. This saves you space. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. Websites or webpages, however, do not have page numbers. In this case, since no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The examples below come from sources that do not have page numbers:

COVID-19 and climate change have had such a huge impact on the world that they both 'have exacerbated malnutrition in all its forms and threatened the sustainability and resilience of food systems around the world' (WHO 2021).

Heath (2021) explains that artificial intelligence is seen as being 'tied to a system's ability to adapt and improvise in a new environment, to generalise its knowledge and apply it to unfamiliar scenarios'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Malnutrition, as well as the supply and provision of food worldwide, have worsened on account of COVID-19 and climate change (WHO 2021).

Artificial intelligence can be defined as the capacity of a system to adapt to unfamiliar environments, forming generalisations in its knowledge and using that knowledge in new situations (Heath 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Enclose publication year (e.g. 2021) in brackets after author. If no publication year is supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the site, then write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year.

• If a website/webpage or downloadable webpage document (e.g. PDF) does not have an author name, start the reference with the title of the webpage or webpage document in italics, followed by year of publication.

• If the author's name is an organisation and you have used the abbreviated (shortened name) form in your in-text citations (e.g. WHO), include both the abbreviated (shortened name) form followed by the full version name in brackets, e.g. WHO (World Health Organization).

• If an organisation's name is both the author of the website/webpage and the name of the website/webpage, use the abbreviated (shortened) form for the name of the website/webpage. Do this even if you have not used the abbreviated (shortened) form in your writing before. This avoid repetition of long names, e.g. DET website.

• Reference specific webpages rather than a whole website; pinpoint the specific location of information.

• If you need to include the organisation's homepage in the reference list, and the homepage does not have a title, put the word Homepage instead of a title. Do not italicise, e.g. Telstra (n.d.), Homepage, Telstra website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.telstra.com.au/

• Include the word website after the name of the website. But if the name of the website is a URL (e.g. vic.gov.au), do not write the word website. Do not italicise the name of website.

• After website/webpage name, add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021) followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Author's family name Initial or Organisation's Name (Year) Title of webpage, Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Examples

Heath N (2021) What is AI? Here's everything you need to know about artificial intelligence, ZDNet website, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-artificial-intelligence/

WHO (World Health Organization) (2021) WHO accelerates work on nutrition targets with new commitments, WHO website, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/07-12-2021-who-accelerates-work-on-nutrition-targets-with-new-commitments

Do not use for these resource types: government reports, organisational reports (e.g. annual reports, research conducted by the organisation and presented in a report), Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) reports, or company, industry or market reports. To reference these resource types, please see the Reports and data sets section in this style guide.

Use only for a webpage's document (PDF or other file type) that is not any of the above resource types.

The author may be a person/people, an organisation or a government department.

Include the author's name (individual or organisation), followed by publication year (e.g. 2021).

If a downloadable webpage document (e.g. PDF) does not have an author name (individual or organisation), use the title of the document in italics, followed by year of publication.

If the author's name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form in parentheses for your in-text citation if the organisation uses it regularly and it has become commonly accepted, e.g. 'WHO' rather than 'World Health Organization'. This saves you space. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The example below comes from a source that has a page number, i.e. 4:

The DET, Victoria (2020:4) states that 'when teachers work together to improve their practice, students learn more'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Students' capacity to learn increases when teachers collaborate to improve their educational practices (DET, Victoria 2020).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Enclose publication year (e.g. 2021) in brackets after author. If no publication year is supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date'). If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the site, then write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year.

• If a website/webpage or downloadable webpage document (e.g. PDF) does not have an author name, start the reference with the title of the webpage or webpage document in italics, followed by year of publication.

• If the author's name is an organisation and you have used the abbreviated (shortened name) form in your in-text citations (e.g. WHO), include both the abbreviated (shortened name) form followed by the full version name in brackets, e.g. WHO (World Health Organization).

• If an organisation's name is both the author of the website/webpage and the name of the website/webpage, use the abbreviated (shortened) form for the name of the website/webpage. Do this even if you have not used the abbreviated (shortened) form in your writing before. This avoids repetition of long names, e.g. DET website.

• Italicise the document title.

• Include the word website after the name of the website. But if the name of the website is a URL (e.g. vic.gov.au), do not write the word website. Do not italicise the name of website.

• After website name, add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021) followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

• For documents that are available as PDF, provide a URL that links to the landing page where the PDF is located, not the URL that directly links to the PDF itself. If there is no landing page, provide a URL that directly links to the PDF.

Rule

Author's family name Initial or Organisation's name (Year) Title of document, Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

ACSQH (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare) (2022) Hand hygiene factsheet for mental health workers, ACSQH website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications-and-resources/resource-library/hand-hygiene-factsheet-mental-health-workers

DET (Department of Education and Training Victoria) (2020) High impact teaching strategies, DET website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/practice/improve/Pages/hits.aspx

If the blog post does not have a person identified as the author, begin the reference with the name of the blog instead (do no italicise) followed by the day, month and year of the post.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. Blogs or blog posts, however, do not have page numbers. In this case, since no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

In a post introducing the delights of Australian native food in the opening paragraph, Welcome to Country (6 August 2021) notes that if you have not 'explored Australian native Bush Food you are missing out on some incredible flavours, textures and nutritional benefits'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Australian native ingredients are nutritionally rich with wonderful flavours and textures (Welcome to Country 6 August 2020).

Mewburn (2020) identifies the complexities of writing in an academic style.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• If the blog post does not have a person identified as the author, use the name of the blog instead (do no italicise) followed by the day, month and year of the post in parentheses, e.g. Welcome to Country (6 August 2021).

• Italicise only the second instance of the blog name.

• If the blog post has a person author, use the family name and initial of the author instead followed by the day, month and year of the post in paratheses, e.g. Mewburn I (10 June 2020). Italicise the only instance of the blog name.

• Put the title of the blog post in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 2 November 2021) followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule (with author)

Author's family name Initial (Day Month Year) 'Title of post: subtitle of post', Name of Blog, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

Mewburn I (10 June 2020) 'Why academic writing sucks (and how we can fix it)', The Thesis Whisperer, accessed 31 November 2021. https://thesiswhisperer.com/2020/06/10/why-academic-writing-sucks-and-how-we-can-fix-it/

Rule (no author)

Name of Blog (Day Month Year) 'Title of post: subtitle of post', Name of Blog, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

Welcome to Country (6 August 2021), 'Bush food of Australia aka bush tucker', Welcome to Country, accessed 2 November 2021. https://www.welcometocountry.com/blog/an-introduction-to-bush-foods/

For publicly accessible posts on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.

For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (e.g. a private Facebook page), the social media post should be cited as personal communication, not as social media post.

The author may be a person/people or an organisation.

If the author's name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form in parentheses for your in-text citation if the organisation uses it regularly and it has become commonly accepted, e.g. 'WHO' rather than 'World Health Organization'. This saves you space. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. Social media posts, however, do not have page numbers. In this case, since no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

Cite the author's name (the poster) and the year of publication as you would for other reference types. Make sure, however, the reader knows that it is a social media post by mentioning the post type in the sentence.

Following the COP26 summit in Glasgow, Greta Thunberg's tweeted that 'the people in power don't need conferences, treaties or agreements to start taking real climate action. They can start today'. (Thunberg 2021a).

In Greta Thunberg's Instagram post, she asserts that 'we can no longer let the people in power decide what hope is. Hope is not passive' (Thunberg 2021b).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

In her Facebook post on 14 November, Thunberg (2021c) mocked world leaders for their lack of leadership at the COP26 summit in Glasgow by accusing them of all talk and no action.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Enclose the full publication date (e.g. 15 November 2021) in parentheses after the author or page name. If the multiple posts are from the same author and same year, put a chronological letter after the year to differentiate their corresponding in-text citations, e.g. 2021a, 2021b, 2021c.

• Put title of the social media post in single inverted commas (quotation marks), followed by the type of post in square brackets, e.g. [Facebook post], [Tweet], [Instagram post].

• For social media posts with no title, include the first 10 words of content followed by an ellipsis (three dots). Put these first 10 words in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• After type of post, include the name of the page where the post is located.

• After post's page name, add accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021) followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Author's family name Initial or Organisation's Name (Day Month Year) 'Title or first 10 words of content of post...' [type of post], Name of Page, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Examples

Thunberg G (15 November 2021a) 'A reminder: the people in power don't need conferences, treaties...' [Tweet], Greta Thunberg, accessed 1 November 2021. https://twitter.com/GretaThunberg/status/1460159146720997377

Thunberg G (28 November 2021b) 'We can no longer let the people in power decide...' [Instagram post], Greta Thunberg, accessed 1 November 2021. https://www.instagram.com/tv/CUXUfZIsHBm/

Thunberg G (14 November 2021c) 'The #COP26 is over. Here's a brief summary: Blah, blah,...' [Facebook post], Greta Thunberg, accessed 25 November 2021. https://www.facebook.com/gretathunbergsweden

For film (documentaries, instructional or educational videos), movies or television programs.

Cite the title of the film, movie or television program in italics, followed by the date of production in parentheses.

The title can be abbreviated after the first mention as long as the meaning remains clear. You can also leave out the date when subsequently referring to the film, movie or television program.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

David Gulpilil describes the documentary of his life in the opening scenes by simply stating, 'This is my story of my story' (My name is Gulpilil 2017).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of author(s) in your own words.

The documentary My name is Gulpilil (2017) provides not only insight into the cinematic achievements of Gulpilil but more importantly, the actor’s own insights as he reflects on his life story.

The adventures of Priscilla, queen of the desert (1994) was a surprise international success. With its inherently Australian characters, comedy and landscape, Priscilla was not expected to...

Reference list entry

In your reference list for film or movie:

• Put the director's name. If there is no acknowledged director, put the producer's name. The

• producer or director could be a person or an organisation.

• Put the year of release.

• Place the title of the film or movie in italics, followed by the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [motion picture].

• Documentaries, instructional or educational videos are classed as motion pictures that are non-fictional, so you still put [motion picture] for these. Movies are also classed as motion picture that are either fictional (made up) or non-fictional (true story), so you also put [motion picture] for these.

• If there is a series name, include it after the format (do not italicise series name), along with any episode number if there is any, e.g. Shedding light on energy (episode 3).

In your reference list for television program:

• Put the director's name. If there is no acknowledged director, put the producer's name.

• Put the year of release.

• Place the title of the television program in single inverted commas (quotation marks), followed by the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [television program].

• If applicable, include the italicised series title after the format, along with any series and episode numbers if given, e.g. The business, Insight, Game of thrones (season 7, episode 6).

Rule (film or movie)

Director's family name Initial (director) OR Directing organisation's name (director) OR Producer's family name Initial (producer) [if no director] OR Producing organisation's name (producer) [if no director] (Year of release) Title of film or movie: subtitle of film or movie [format], Name of series (episode number) [if applicable], Name of Studio or Publisher, Place of Production.

Examples

Bong JH (director) (2019) Parasite [motion picture], CJ Entertainment, South Korea.

Liacos Educational Media (producer) (2018) Energy efficiency [motion picture], Shedding light on energy (episode 3), ClickView, Australia.

Reynolds M (director) (2017) My name is Gulpilil [motion picture], Screen Australia, South Australian Film Corporation and ABC, Australia.

Rule (television program)

Director's family name Initial (director) OR Directing organisation's name (director) OR Producer's family name Initial (producer) [if no director] OR Producing organisation's name (producer) [if no director] (Year of release) 'Title of episode: subtitle of episode' [format], Name of series (season number, episode number) [if applicable], Name of Station or Studio, Place of Production.

Examples

ABC News (producer) (2021) 'The business: cryptocurrency special' [television program], The business, ABC Television, Sydney.

Taylor A (director) (2017) 'Beyond the wall' [television program], Game of thrones (season 7, episode 6), HBO, New York.

Only cite the host(s) in the in-text citation (quote or paraphrase), not the producer. Both the producer and host(s) are included in the reference list entry.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

Bessell and Hunter (2020) points out that despite the Covid-19 pandemic having driven governments to implement 'previously unseen welfare interventions...social and economic inequality is deepening around the globe'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Writing short stories on Instagram was the catalyst for Dave Grohl writing his memoir (Fidler and Rooney 2021).

Bessell and Hunter (2020) consider how the corona virus pandemic is reshaping economies, raising the question of how applicable the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals remain in addressing global poverty.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Include the name/s of podcast host/s, followed by the producer's name. The producer may be a person or an organisation.

• Place the title of the podcast episode in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and the name of the podcast series (use sentence case) in italics.

• After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [podcast].

• Provide the publication and access dates in day, month and year format.

• Include publication and access dates in day, month and year format (e.g. 13 December 2021).

• After the accessed date, put a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Host's family name Initial (host) and Producer's family name Initial (producer) OR Host's family name Initial (host) and Organisation's Name (producer) (Day Month Year) 'Title of podcast episode: subtitle of podcast episode' [format], Name of podcast series, Name of Podcast Network (website), accessed Day Month Year. URL

Examples

Fidler R (host) and Rooney C (producer) (19 October 2021) 'Rock and Dave Grohl' [podcast], Conversations, ABC, accessed 1 December 2021. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/dave-grohl-nirvana-foo-fighters-love-music-rock/13582414

Hunter A and Bessell S (hosts) and Policy Forum.net (producer) (27 November 2020) 'The wellbeing economy – a glimpse of the good life' [podcast], The wellbeing economy podcast series, IMMP Crawford, accessed 1 December 2021. https://immp.crawford.anu.edu.au/content/wellbeing-economy-podcast-series

For YouTube videos and other online streaming videos located on other websites.

The creator (author) can be a person, channel name or organisation.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

If the creator is unknown, cite the title of the video in italics and the year of video in the in-text citation. If known, cite the creator's name and the year of video. If no year is supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date').

There are conflicting opinions of crypto currency that frame it as either the potential 'future currency of Earth' or full of pitfalls due to being 'vulnerable to hacking security issues' (ABC News 2021).

Nabben (2021) points out that there is still much 'catching up [to do] in terms of the law...around blockchains considering how fast the space is evolving'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

If the creator is unknown, cite the title of the video in italics and the year of video in the in-text citation. If known, cite the creator's name and the year of video. If no year is supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date').

Opinions of crypto currency vary widely from those that see it as the future of financial exchange to those that consider it to be an insecure proposition at risk from hacking (ABC News 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• The creator (author) can be a person, channel name or organisation.

• If the creator is unknown, begin the reference with the title of the video in italics. If known, begin the reference with the creator's name.

• Put the day, month and year of creation. If the video has only the year of creation, put the year. If no publication date is supplied, write n.d. (for 'no date').

• After the date or year, place the title of the video in single inverted commas (quotation marks), followed by the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [video].

• Include the italicised name of the channel or owing organisation after the format.

• Include the word website after the name of the website. But if the name of the website is a URL (e.g. vic.gov.au), do not write the word website. Do not italicise the name of website.

• Include the accessed date in day, month and year format (e.g. 13 December 2021).

• After the accessed date, put a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Creator's family name Initial OR Creator's organisation or channel name (Day Month Year OR Year) 'Title of video: subtitle of video' [format], Name of Channel or Owning Organisation, Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Examples

ABC News (16 June 2021) 'The business: cryptocurrency special' [video], ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), ABC iview website, accessed 30 November 2021. https://iview.abc.net.au/video/NS2157H001S00

ABC News In-depth (16 June 2021) 'Bitcoin explained: everything you need to know about the crypto craze | The business' [video], ABC News In-depth, YouTube website, accessed 30 November 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlGLpSvs34Q

Derham L, Groner M and Kerridge G (n.d.) 'Interview questions' [video], AASW (Australian Association of Social Workers), AASW website, accessed 30 November 2021. https://www.aasw.asn.au/careers-study/new-graduate-resources/finding-your-job-and-thriving-in-it

For individual songs, short pieces and musical compilations (e.g. albums).

Place titles for songs or short pieces in single quotation marks.

Titles can be the name given by the composer or a popular name that the composition is commonly called.

If you refer to the name of the song, cite the author/artist and the year in the sentence or parentheses.

When you quote someone's lyrics, cite the song name, the author and the year of publication in the sentence or parentheses.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

The psychedelic imagery of 'tangerine trees and marmalade skies [and] cellophane flowers of yellow and green' represents...(The Beatles, 'Lucy in the sky with diamonds' 1967).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

There are various interpretations of the psychedelic imagery in 'Lucy in the sky with diamonds' from the Beatles' (1967) album Sgt. Pepper's.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Begin with the name of the creator/artist/band and the year of the musical composition or sound recording.

• If the name of the creator/artist/band is unknown, begin instead with the title of the musical composition or sound recording (in italics) and the year.

• Generally, the title of the album or CD will be used as the title, written in italics. But if you are referencing a specific track/song on the album or CD, then also include the title of the track/song in single inverted commas (quotation marks).

• Specify the format in square brackets, e.g. [Album], [Song].

• Include the publisher details (if supplied). The record company can be the publisher of a musical composition or sound recording.

• For a non-online musical composition / sound recording (e.g. CD, LP, song on radio): include the name of the publisher.

• For an online musical composition / sound recording (e.g. iTunes, Spotify): include the name of the website followed by the word website, then the accessed date in day, month, year format (e.g. 13 December 2021). After the accessed date, put a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule (with song)

Creator/artist's family name Initial or Band Name (Year) 'Title of song/track: subtitle of song/track' [Format], Title of compilation or album, Name of Publisher [if non-online]. Name of Website website [if online], accessed Day Month Year [if online]. URL [if online]

Example

The Beatles (1967) 'Lucy in the sky with diamonds' [Song], Sgt. Pepper's lonely hearts club band, Parlophone.

Rule (with no song - only compilations, e.g. album)

Creator/artist's family name Initial or Band Name (Year) Title of compilation or album [Format], Name of Publisher [if non-online]. Name of Website website [if online], accessed Day Month Year [if online]. URL [if online]

Examples

The Beatles (1967) Sgt. Pepper's lonely hearts club band [Album], Parlophone.

The Beatles (1967) Sgt. Pepper's lonely hearts club band (remastered) [Album], Spotify website, accessed 1 December 2021. https://open.spotify.com/album/6QaVfG1pHYl1z15ZxkvVDW

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

On an episode of The world today, Smail (2021) reported on the need for an 'overhaul of the existing the tax and welfare system...to boost female workforce participation'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Smail (2021) reports on recent research that shows Australian women, especial mothers, could be financially better off if policies similar to those in Scandinavia were implemented.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Include the name of the presenter in the author position (as the author).

• Place the title of the radio episode in single inverted commas (quotation marks) and the name of the radio program (use sentence case) in italics.

• After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [radio program].

• Provide the publication date in day, month and year format.

Rule

Presenter's family name Initial (presenter) (Day Month Year) 'Title of episode: subtitle of episode' [format], Name of program, Name of Station or Studio, Place of production.

Example

Smail S (presenter) (9 December 2021) 'Australian working mums missing out on big earning potential and super' [radio program], The world today, ABC, Melbourne.

RMIT Harvard includes photographs (including photographs of artwork or images), drawings, illustrations, diagrams, digital art and maps within the definition of artwork and images.

General rules for artworks and images

When citing artworks or images, you need to acknowledge them in three places:

• As an in-text citation within the written body of your work.
• As a figure number within the caption. See the section on Captions for figures and tables on this page.
• As an entry in your reference list.

Your lecturer, teacher or supervisor may have specific requirements for referencing artworks or images. Follow any directions they give, even if they differ from this guide.

You may create your own artwork or image, e.g. photograph or screenshot you took of your own artwork; an illustration, diagram or painting you created, etc. In this case, the creator is you.

You may also reproduce an artwork or image from a source rather than create it yourself. A source could be a book, journal article, map, website, webpage document, database, conference paper, technical report, newspaper article, or photograph or screenshot you take of somebody else’s artwork or image (with permission, where applicable), for example.

In-text citation

When you reproduce an artwork or image from a source, if the creator of the artwork or image is DIFFERENT to the author of the source that the artwork or image appears in, cite the creator of the artwork or image and the year that the artwork or image was created.

Italicise the titles of artworks and images, and use sentence case.

If the creator has made typographic decisions for the title so it appears in a certain way, use any capitalisation, italicisation, numbers or punctuation in exactly the same way the creator did, e.g. flight research #6.

If the creator is unknown, cite the title of the artwork or image in italics and the year of creation instead. Do not put "Unknown creator/artist". e.g. (Tapestry with dragons and flowers 11th-12th century).

If no publication or creation year is supplied, write n.d. (meaning 'no date') in place of year. If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year, e.g. c. 1900.

A figure number is used to identify each artwork or image. These figures are numbered sequentially in the order in which they appear.

When you discuss an artwork or image, refer to its assigned figure number within your writing. The figure number can be within the sentence or in parentheses, for example: “As seen in Figure 1...”, or “As seen in... (see Figure 1)”.

Do not refer to an artwork or image as " figure above" or " figure below" or " figure on page 3", for example.

Examples

For an artwork or image you created yourself

Produced by the author, Figure 1 illustrates their own drawing of a car created in AutoCAD in 2020.

The author’s own initial sketch of a floral summer dress was made for Melbourne Fashion Week 2022 (see Figure 2).

Figure 3 shows the author’s own photograph of a leaf taken close-up in 2021.

For an artwork or image you reproduced from other sources

The exhibition Gabrielle Chanel. Fashion manifesto displays the Chanel's (1925) little black dress in silk organza transformed black from being the colour of mourning to the height of chic and modernity (see Figure 11).

The purchase of Pollock's (1952) Blue poles, as seen in Figure 12, created great controversy regarding the value of abstract art when it was purchased for the National Gallery of Australia.

As illustrated in Figure 5, the painting Swanston Street from the bridge (Burn 1861) depicts Melbourne's growth into a city of domes and spires.

As depicted in Figure 3, Tapestry with dragons and flowers (11th-12th century) suggests...

Figure 3 depicts...(Tapestry with dragons and flowers 11th-12th century).

As shown by Figure 9, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1...(Kearney 1855).

As illustrated in Figure 10, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 highlights...(DTP 2020).

Reference list entry

For an artwork or image you created yourself

Although artwork or images you create yourself are not usually included in the reference list, check with your teacher, lecturer or supervisor’s requirements.

For an artwork or image you reproduced from other sources

In your reference list:

• When you reproduce an artwork or image from a source, if the creator of the artwork or image is DIFFERENT to the author of the source that the artwork or image appears in, include in the reference:

  • the creator of the artwork or image and the year that the artwork or image was created, and

  • the details of the source that the artwork or image appears in. For example, if the artwork or image appears in a book, webpage or journal article, include the details of the book, webpage or journal article, respectively. Please refer to the relevant section within this guide for how to reference various sources.

• If the creator is unknown, start the reference with the title of the artwork or image in italics, followed by the year of creation in parentheses, then the format in square brackets. Do not put "Unknown creator/artist". e.g. Tapestry with dragons and flowers (11th-12th century) [silk tapestry]...

• If no publication or creation year is supplied, write n.d. (meaning 'no date') in place of year. If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year, e.g. c. 1900.

• When an artwork or image is:

  • Online -- from a webpage: add the name of the website followed by the word website. Then put the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

  • Online -- from a Library database: add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), then the database name followed by the word database.

  • Physical -- viewed in-person at an art gallery, museum or other public space: add the name and location of the museum, gallery or public space.

  • Physical -- hardcopy (print) map: add the name of the publisher and place published.

• When an image is a map, put the following information within the [format] field:

  • [digital map]: for an online map sourced from a website or Library database that was created digitally/electronically. Most maps are like this today.

  • [print map]: for a hardcopy map.

  • [digitised map]: for a map that used to be in hardcopy (print) format but has now been digitised.

Rule (online -- from website)

Creator's Family Name Initial (Year) Title of artwork or image [format], Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Examples

DTP (Department of Transport and Planning, Victoria) (2020) Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 [digital map], VicPlan website, accessed 10 December 2021. https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/vicplan/

Kaiser P (1975) Growing over the fence [synthetic polymer paint on canvas], National Gallery of Victoria website, accessed 20 July 2023. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/60587/

Kearney J (1855) Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [digitised map], State Library of Victoria website, accessed 10 December 2021. https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/search-discover/explore-collections-format/maps/maps-melbourne-city-suburbs

Tapestry with dragons and flowers (11th-12th century) [silk tapestry], The Metropolitan Museum of Art website, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39733

Rule (online -- from from Library database)

Creator's Family Name Initial (Year) Title of artwork or image [format], accessed Day Month Year, Name of Database database.

Examples

Aerometrex (2021) ANZ stadium, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW [digital map], accessed 10 December 2021, MetroMap database.

Primal Pictures (n.d.) Lateral nasal cavity [interactive 3D illustration], accessed 19 August 2022, Anatomy.tv database.

Note: Although RMIT Harvard does not include a URL link if there is a database name, include BOTH database name and URL link only for images from the WGSN database. This will make it easier to locate and access the image.

Chanel (n.d.) cha_mon_ps23_003 [photograph], accessed 19 August 2022, WGSN database. https://www.wgsn.com/content/image_viewer/#/image.35640165

Jacobs M (2022) New York autumn/winter 2022: women [gallery of photographs], accessed 19 August 2022, WGSN database. https://www.wgsn.com/catwalk_gallery/#gender=2&season=0&city=0&show=81316

Khan A (n.d.) Womenswear forecast S/S 24: SenseScapes [photograph], accessed 19 August 2022, WGSN database. https://www.wgsn.com/fashion/article/62d668672dbcfed4840eacf3#page4

Rule (physical -- viewed in-person at art gallery, museum or public space)

Creator's family name Initial (Year) Title of artwork or image [format], Name of Museum/Gallery/Public Space, Location of Museum/Gallery/Public Space.

Examples

Dwyer M (2021) Apparition [night-time digital projection onto holo-gauze screen], University Square, Carlton, VIC.

Pollock J (1952) Blue poles [Oil, enamel, aluminium paint, and glass on canvas], National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.

Rule (physical -- hardcopy/print map)

Creator’s Family Name Initial (Year of creation) Title of map [format], Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example

Melway (2021) Geelong [print map], Melway, Clayton, VIC.

General rules for tables and graphs

When citing tables and graphs, you need to acknowledge them in three places:

• As an in-text citation within the written body of your work.
• As a table number (for tables) or figure number (for graphs) within the caption. See the section on Captions for figures and tables on this page.
• As an entry in your reference list.

Your lecturer, teacher or supervisor may have specific requirements for referencing tables or graphs. Follow any directions they give, even if they differ from this guide.

You may create your own table or graph using your own data that you obtained from a study, research or experiment you carried out yourself. This is data that you have created or generated yourself. In this case, the author is you.

You may also create your own table or graph using other people’s data from published sources. This is data that other people/organisations have published from their study, research or experiment. In this case, the author is the person/organisation that created or generated the published data you used.

You may also reproduce a table or graph from a published source rather than create it yourself. For example, a source could be a book, journal article, webpage and more. In this case, the author is the person/organisation that created the table or graph you reproduced.

If no publication year is supplied, write n.d. (meaning 'no date') in place of year.

In-text citation

A table number is used to identify each table. These tables are numbered sequentially in the order in which they appear.

A figure number is used to identify each graph. These figures are numbered sequentially in the order in which they appear.

When you discuss a table or graph, refer to its assigned table/figure number within your writing. The table/figure number can be within the sentence or in parentheses, for example: “As seen in Table 1/Figure 1...”, or “As seen in... (see Table 1/Figure 1)”.

Do not refer to a table or graph as " table/figure above" or " table/figure below" or " table/figure on page 3", for example.

Examples

For a table or graph you created yourself using your own data

Figure 1 shows the main expenditures of Australian households between 2020-2022, as based on the author’s own study.

The author’s own 2018 experiment compares the outcomes from categories A, B and C (see Figure 2).

Incidences of eczema in adults 18-50 years of age before and after intervention have been compared in the author’s own 2019 study, as shown in Table 1.

Based on the author’s own 2021 experiment, there is a discrepancy in results from groups A, B and C (see Table 2).

For a table or graph you created yourself using others' data from published sources

Figure 1 shows the top five overseas countries of birth in the 2021 Australian census, as adapted from the ABS (2022).

As adapted from García-Martínez et al. (2023), the percentage chemical composition by weight of an aircraft's engine blade material is illustrated in Figure 2.

Table 1 highlights the average forecast unemployment rate in Australia between February 2012- February 2022, as adapted from the RBA (n.d.).

As adapted from Ellis et al. (2020), a number of factors that contributed to plagiarism are identified in Table 2.

Fluctuations in the imports over the last decade are represented in Table 3, as adapted from Mitchelton (2018), ABS (2019) and DFAT (2020).

For a table or graph you reproduced from published sources

Fu (2022) discusses the numbers of students with disabilities enrolled in primary and junior schools in China, 2015-2017, as represented in Figure 1.

The impact of a small increase in media bias is illustrated by Raymond and Taylor (2021) (see Figure 2).

Figure 3 shows the infrared thermography and temperature of MW and MW-alkali pretreated industrial fruit biowaste (Barrera et al. 2023).

Voorveld et al. (2018) identifies the instruments used to measure social media engagement, as listed in Table 1.

As highlighted in Table 2, there is a correlation between quality of nursing care, caring nature and person-centredness (Edvardsson et al. 2016).

The number of males and females experiencing homelessness in Australia between 2006-2021 is represented by ABS (2023) (see Table 3).

Reference list entry

For a table or graph you created yourself using your own data

Although tables or graphs you create yourself using your own data are not usually included in the reference list, check with your teacher, lecturer or supervisor’s requirements.

For a table or graph you created yourself using others' data from published sources

In your reference list:

• When you use other people’s data from published sources to create your own table or graph, the source that the data appears in should be referenced.

• For example, if the data appears in a book, webpage or journal article, you reference the book, webpage or journal article, respectively. Please refer to the relevant section within this guide for how to reference various sources.

• If your table or graph includes data from more than one source, you must separately reference ALL sources you used to create your table or graph.

For a table or graph you reproduced from published sources

In your reference list:

• Tables or graphs that you reproduced from a published source should be referenced as the source they appear in.

• For example, if the table or graph appears in a book, webpage or journal article, you reference the book, webpage or journal article, respectively. Please refer to the relevant section within this guide for how to reference various sources.

Examples

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2023) Estimating homelessness: census 2021, ABS website, accessed 15 September 2023. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/housing/estimating-homelessness-census/2021

Barrera C, Fito PJ, Castro-Giraldez M, Betoret N and Segui L (2023) 'Microwave application to food and food waste processing', in Chhikara N, Panghal A and Chaudhary G (eds) Novel technologies in food science, Scrivener Publishing, Beverly, Massachusetts.

DEWR (Department of Employment and Workplace Relations, Australia) (2023) Skills for Education and Employment (SEE) training sites [data set], data.gov.au, accessed 15 September 2023. https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/skills-for-education-and-employment-see-training-sites

Edvardsson D, Watt E and Pearce F (2017) 'Patient experiences of caring and person-centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality', Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(1):217-227, doi:10.1111/jan.13105.

Fu W (2022) Inclusive education in China: ideas, practices and challenges, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxfordshire.

MarketLine Limited (2023) General Motors Company, accessed 16 September 2023, MarketLine database.

Wheeler K (2023) Clothing retailing in Australia, report number G4251, accessed 15 September 2023, IBISWorld database.

General rules for captions

Please see the sections on Artwork and images and Tables and graphs on this page, for how to create in-text citations and reference list entries for artwork, images, tables and graphs. This section discusses how to create captions for these sources.

Captions are used to provide a description and attribution of the artworks, images, tables or graphs you use in your work. A caption is usually placed below the artwork, image, table or graph.

A figure number is used in the caption to identify each artwork, image or graph. These figures are numbered sequentially in the order in which they appear.

A table number is used in the caption to identify each table. These tables are numbered sequentially in the order in which they appear.

When you discuss an artwork, image, graph or table, refer to its assigned figure/table number within your writing. The figure/table number can be within the sentence or in parentheses, for example: “As seen in Figure 1/Table 1...”, or “As seen in... (see Figure 1/Table 1)”.

Do not refer to an artwork, image, graph or table as "figure/table above" or "figure/table below" or "figure/table on page 3", for example.

For the Source within the caption:

• If the creator of the artwork or image is unknown, begin with the title of the artwork or image in italics, then put the year of creation. Do not put "Unknown creator/artist". e.g. Source: Tapestry with dragons and flowers 11-12th century.

• If no creation/publication year is supplied, write n.d. (meaning 'no date') in place of year. If the year can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text, write c. (meaning 'circa' or approximately) followed by the year, e.g. c. 1900.

For an artwork or image you created yourself

Rule

Figure figure number: Brief description of artwork or image.

Examples

Figure 1: Drawing of a car created by the author in AutoCAD in 2020.

Figure 2: Author’s initial sketch of a floral summer dress for Melbourne Fashion Week 2022.

For an artwork or image you reproduced from other sources

Rule (artwork or image created by the source it appears in)

In the caption, cite the author of the source (as the creator) and the year that the source was published.

Figure number: Brief description of artwork or image. Source: Creator’s Family Name/Organisation Year of publication.

Examples

Figure 1: A diagram of the lateral nasal cavity. Source: Primal Pictures n.d.

Figure 2: A screenshot of the Sephora homepage. Source: Sephora 2023.

Figure 3: A photograph of the partial collapse of the Ronan Point building, UK, in 1968. Source: Allan 2022.

Figure 4: A map of Geelong, 2021. Source: Melway 2021.

Figure 5: A photograph of senior knowledge holders having interviews with Ngukurr Yangbala Rangers at Ngudjuli Billabong (late dry season, Nov 2017). Source: Russell and Ens 2020.

Figure 6: Histology images of various thyroid cancers and tumours. Source: Newbold and Harmer 2021.

Rule (artwork or image has its own creator -- not created by the source it appears in)

In the caption, cite the creator of the artwork or image and the year that the artwork or image was created.

Figure number: Brief description of artwork or image. Source: Creator’s Family Name Year of creation.

Examples

Figure 1: An abstract expressionist painting on canvas using various mediums such as oil, enamel, aluminium paint and glass. Source: Pollock 1952.

Figure 2: A night-time digital projection onto holo-gauze screen. Source: Dwyer 2021.

Figure 3: A photo of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. Source: Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli) 2009.

Figure 4: A photo of one of Chanel’s fashion designs from WGSN’s image library. Source: Chanel n.d.

Figure 5: A silk tapestry depicting dragons and flowers. Source: Tapestry with dragons and flowers 11-12th century.

Figure 6: A map of Melbourne and its suburbs, 1855. Source: Kearney 1855.

Figure 7: A map of ANZ stadium at Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, 2021. Source: Aerometrex 2021.

For a table or graph you created yourself using your own data

In the caption, include the figure number (for graphs) or table number (for tables).

Rule

Figure/Table figure/table number: Brief description of graph or table.

Examples

Figure 1: Differences in student enrolment numbers pre- and post-COVID-19, Australia. Based on the author’s own 2020-2022 study.

Figure 2: Comparison of outcomes from categories A, B and C. Based on the author’s own 2018 experiment.

Table 1: Water quality of various beaches in Victoria, 2015-2020. Based on the author’s own study.

Table 2: Comparison of results from groups A, B and C. Based on the author’s own 2021 experiment.

For a table or graph you created yourself using others’ data from published sources

In the caption, include the figure number (for graphs) or table number (for tables).

Cite the author of the source and the year that the source was published.

If your table or graph includes published data from more than one source, you must cite in your caption ALL sources you used (i.e. adapted) to create your table or graph. List each source used in alphabetical order of author family name/organisational name, then separate each source with a semicolon (;) followed by a space -- see Table 3 example below for an illustration.

Rule

Figure/Table figure/table number: Brief description of graph or table. Source: adapted from [Author’s Family Name/Organisation Year of publication].

Examples

Figure 1: Top five overseas countries of birth in the 2021 Australian census, by population count. Source: adapted from ABS 2022.

Figure 2: Chemical composition (%) by weight of an aircraft's engine blade material. Source: adapted from García-Martínez et al. 2023.

Table 1: Average forecast unemployment rate in Australia, February 2012- February 2022. Source: adapted from RBA n.d.

Table 2: Total number of Skills for Education and Employment (SEE) providers in Australia, by state or territory. Source: adapted from DEWR 2023.

Table 3: Australian industry earnings and share, 2019-2020. Source: adapted from ABS 2021; DFAT 2021.

For a table or graph you reproduced from published sources

In the caption:

• Include the figure number (for graphs) or table number (for tables).

• Cite the author of the source and the year that the source was published.

Rule

Figure/Table figure/table number: Brief description of table or graph. Source: Author’s Family Name/Organisation Year of publication.

Examples

Figure 1: Number of students with disability and enrolment in primary and junior schools in China, 2015-2017. Source: Fu 2022.

Figure 2: Yearly rainfall (mm) in Australia, 1900-2022. Source: BOM n.d.

Figure 3: Thermographs and temperature histogram of MW and MW-alkali pretreated industrial fruit biowaste. Source: Barrera et al. 2023.

Table 1: Sources of Warlpiri, Yolngu and Pintupi legal orders for First Nations people. Source: Randazzo 2023.

Table 2: Number of males and females experiencing homelessness in Australia, 2006-2021. Source: ABS 2023.

Table 3: General Motors Company, 2023 capital market ratios. Source: MarketLine Limited 2023.

As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

Authors are often organisations, departments or committees rather than individuals.

For in-text citations in parentheses, use the commonly used abbreviated name form of 'ABS' rather than the full name of the 'Australian Bureau of Statistics'. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'For both males and females, Australia has a higher life expectancy than similar countries such as New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America' (ABS 2021).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021), both male and female Australians currently experience a higher life expectancy than their counterparts in other developed countries (ABS 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• For author details, use the short form ABS in the organisational author position, followed by the full name Australian Bureau of Statistics in parentheses.

• Italicise the report title.

• If stated, put the actual catalogue number after the words catalogue number. Omit if there is none.

• Include the word website after the name of the website. Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

• For ABS reports that are available as PDF, provide a URL that links to the landing page where the PDF is located, not the URL that directly links to the PDF itself. If there is no landing page, provide a URL that directly links to the PDF.

Rule

Organisational author's name abbreviated (Organisational author's full name) (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, catalogue number catalogue number [if available], Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2021) Life tables 2018-2020, catalogue number 3302.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, accessed 3 December 2021. https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/123B67D527F36A63CA2584A20012C43C?opendocument

Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament.

Organisation reports may include annual reports or research conducted by the organisation and presented in a report.

As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

Authors are often organisations, departments or committees rather than individuals.

If the author's name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form in parentheses for your in-text citation if the organisation uses it regularly and it has become commonly accepted, e.g. 'WHO' rather than 'World Health Organization'. This saves you space. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

This 'review provides an opportunity to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from the first five years of the TEQSA Act's operation' (DET 2016).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The review into the impact of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 will examine...(DET 2016).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• The author may be a person/people, an organisation or the government department.

• Italicise the report title.

• For organisation reports, if stated, put the actual report number after the words report number. Omit if there is none.

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

• For documents that are available as PDF, provide a URL that links to the landing page where the PDF is located, not the URL that directly links to the PDF itself. If there is no landing page, provide a URL that directly links to the PDF.

Rule (government report)

Author's family name Initial (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, report number report number [if available], Name of Government Agency, Name of Government, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Examples

Hayne KM (2019) Royal Commission into misconduct in the banking, superannuation and financial services industry, Volume 3, Royal Commissions, Australian Government, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.royalcommission.gov.au/banking/final-report

Wells Advisory (2021) Forward impact of COVID-19 on Australian higher education, Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA), Australian Government, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.teqsa.gov.au/latest-news/publications/forward-impact-covid-19-australian-higher-education-report

Rule (organisation report)

Author's family name Initial (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, report number report number [if available], Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Examples

AASW (Australian Association of Social Workers) (2021) Annual report 2020-2021, AASW website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.aasw.asn.au/publications/reports

FMGL (Fortescue Metals Group Ltd) (2021) Annual report FY21, FMGL website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.fmgl.com.au/investors/asx-announcements

Company, industry or market reports from Library databases or websites.

As details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

Authors are often organisations rather than individuals.

Where there is no author, use the name of the company or organisation responsible for the report.

If the author's name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form in parentheses for your in-text citation if the organisation uses it regularly and it has become commonly accepted, e.g. 'NAB' rather than 'National Australia Bank'. This saves you space. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

At the time, it was reported that the company's 'internet services are provided via dial-up, integrated services digital network (ISDN) and fixed broadband connections' (Lo 2016:2).

The company claims that it aims to 'continuously improve waste performance with all our divisions striving to divert waste from landfill' (Wesfarmers Limited 2021).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Lo (2016) claims that the industry will increase online services through a variety of web-based options.

Wesfarmers Limited (2022) are wanting to engage with the community to limit environmental impact.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• The author may be a person/people or an organisation.

• Italicise report title.

• If stated, put the actual report number after the words report number. Omit if there is none.

• If sourced from a Library database: Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), then the database name followed by the word database.

• If sourced from a website:

  • Include the word website after the name of the website. Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

  • For documents that are available as PDF, provide a URL that links to the landing page where the PDF is located, not the URL that directly links to the PDF itself. If there is no landing page, provide a URL that directly links to the PDF.

Rule (from Library database)

Author's family name Initial or Organisation’s Name (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, report number report number [if available], accessed Day Month Year, Name of Database database.

Examples

Lo B (2016) Internet service providers in Australia, report number J5911, accessed 28 November 2021, IBISWorld database.

MarketLine Limited (2021) Global - apparel manufacturing, accessed 13 December 2021, MarketLine database.

Rule (from website)

Author's family name Initial or Organisation's Name (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, report number report number [if available], Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

BWAA (Baptist World Aid Australia) (2019) 2019 ethical fashion report: the truth behind the barcode, Business & Human Rights Resource Centre website, accessed 13 December 2021. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/2019-ethical-fashion-report-the-truth-behind-the-barcode/

Details will vary for data sets, so try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information, etc.

If available, include a reference point (e.g. figure number or table number) in the in-text citation.

If the author's name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form in parentheses for your in-text citation if the organisation uses it regularly and it has become commonly accepted, e.g. 'RBA' rather than 'Reserve Bank of Australia'. This saves you space. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

When you copy or adapt specific data sets in the form of tables, charts or figures you must acknowledge them both in your writing and with a caption below the figure. Refer to the sections on table and figures for more information.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Using daily rainfall datasets, the Bureau of Meteorology (2022) highlights...

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• If no author details are available, start with the data set title in italics.

• Italicise the data set title, followed by the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [data set].

• Add the website name after the resource type followed by the word website.

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

• If data set is in the form of a PDF or spreadsheet, link to the webpage that the document is found on. Do not directly link to the document itself.

Rule

Author’s family name Initial or Name of organisation (Year) Title of data set [format], Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) (n.d.) Consumer price inflation: December 2015 – December 2020 [data set], RBA website, accessed 10 December 2021. https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/tables/

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'For single or upper storey construction, the spacing of bracing elements, measured at right angles to elements, shall not exceed 9000 mm' (Standards Australia 2010:11).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

For procedures and practices relating to timber framed constructions in non-cyclonic areas refer to...(Standards Australia 2010).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Italicise the standard's title.

• If sourced from a Library database: Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a comma, a space then the database name (e.g. SAI Global) followed by the word database.

• If sourced from a website: Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule (from Library database)

Author [name of standard issuer] (Year) Title of standard, Standard number, accessed Day Month Year, Name of Database database.

Example

Standards Australia (2010) Residential timber-framed construction - non-cyclonic areas, AS 1684.2-2010, accessed 9 December 2021, SAI Global database.

Rule (from website)

Author [name of standard issuer] (Year) Title of standard, Standard number, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2021) Building construction -- accessibility and usability of the built environment, ISO 21542:2021, accessed 9 December 2021. https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/international/iso--other/iso--21542-colon-2021

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The technologies used for the conversion of energy 'deserve thinner functional materials to allow optimum light into the interiors of interest' (Shanmugam, Shown and Sridhara 2021:1).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Photovoltaic devices benefit from highly transparent stickable-peelable solar cells because...(Shanmugam, Shown and Sridhara 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Italicise the patent's title.

• The patent number is typically the application number. Put the country that issued the patent, followed by the word Patent then the patent number.

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Inventor's family name Initial (Year Issued) Title of patent, Issuing Country Patent patent number, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

Shanmugam M, Shown I and Sridhara SN (2021) A process for developing highly transparent stickable-peelable solar cells for building integrated photovoltaic device, Australia Patent 2021105520, accessed 9 December 2021. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2021105520

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

Khoo (2018:44) argues that 'the idea of service design challenges the aesthetics of interiors due to its focus on functionality and efficiency rather than creating a liveable and appealing environment'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The research conducted by Khoo (2018) examined...

Earlier studies suggest a need for further research that considers the customer's experience of...(Le 2020; Sutton 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• From a University's research repository website or other websites.

• Italicise the title of the thesis, followed by the thesis/dissertation type in square brackets, e.g. [master's thesis], [PhD dissertation].

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Year) Title of thesis: subtitle of thesis [thesis/dissertation type], Name of University, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Example

Thompson H (2019) Embracing mindfulness: enriching slow fashion for human and environmental wellbeing [master’s thesis], RMIT University, accessed 13 December 2021. https://researchrepository.rmit.edu.au/esploro/outputs/9921863614401341

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

Khoo (2018:44) argues that 'the idea of service design challenges the aesthetics of interiors due to its focus on functionality and efficiency rather than creating a liveable and appealing environment'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The research conducted by Khoo (2018) examined...

Earlier studies suggest a need for further research that considers the customer's experience of...(Le 2020; Sutton 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Italicise the title of the thesis, followed by the thesis/dissertation type in square brackets, e.g. [master's thesis], [PhD dissertation].

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), then the database name followed by the word database.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Year) Title of thesis: subtitle of thesis [thesis/dissertation type], Name of University, accessed Day Month Year, Name of Database database.

Example

McLellan JM (2019) The development of an intervention to support midwives in addressing multiple health behaviours with pregnant women [PhD dissertation], University of Stirling, accessed 13 December 2021, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.

In hardcopy (print) format.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

Khoo (2018:44) argues that 'the idea of service design challenges the aesthetics of interiors due to its focus on functionality and efficiency rather than creating a liveable and appealing environment'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The research conducted by Khoo (2018) examined...

Earlier studies suggest a need for further research that considers the customer's experience of...(Le 2020; Sutton 2021).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Italicise the title of the thesis, followed by the thesis/dissertation type in square brackets, e.g. [master's thesis], [PhD dissertation].

• The location is the city of the University. Add only if it is not inferred by the University name.

Rule

Author's family name Initial (Year) Title of thesis: subtitle of thesis [thesis/dissertation type], Name of University, Location (if not inferred by university name

Example

Browne P (2018) Digital tourism [PhD dissertation], Charlesworth University, Templeton.

Material from your course may include lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, course handouts or micro-credentials. Where possible, try to use information from published material.

Note: Some courses and lecturers might not accept lecture notes or course material as references in assignments / assessment. Check with your lecturer or teacher.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. After the year, put a colon (:) followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The emphasis in week 3's lecture on the 'cultural and social background of employees as an important step in managing workplace diversity' (Tran 2022) led me to reflect on my own experiences in human resource management.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Campbell (2022) asserts that prosperity and sustainability need not be mutually exclusive.

The impact of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on promoting economic growth...(Blakewell 2022).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• Put the lecturer's family name and initial for lecture notes, PowerPoint slides and course handouts. Put RMIT Creds for micro-credentials from RMIT.

• Enclose the title of the course material in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Do not italicise the title of the course material.

• After the title, provide the type of course material in square brackets, e.g. [course handout], [PowerPoint slides], [lecture notes], [micro-credential]. Within the same square brackets, also include the course code or course name after the type of course material if applicable, e.g. MANG4321.

• The location is the city of the University. Add only if it is not inferred by the University name.

Rule

Lecturer's family name Initial OR RMIT Creds [if RMIT micro-credential] (Year) 'Title of course material' [type of course material], Name of University, Location [if not inferred by university name].

Examples

RMIT Creds (2022) 'What is academic integrity?' [micro-credential], RMIT University, Melbourne.

Tran L (2020) 'Managing diverse workforces' [PowerPoint slides, MANG4321], RMIT University, Melbourne.

Take care to give accurate and complete details about legislation (Acts) and legal cases. The Legal Material section of the Australian Government Style Manual (opens in a new tab) provides more detail and examples regarding the use of legal materials.

For Acts of Parliament (legislation) and Bills, a pinpoint is a reference to a specific page, paragraph or other section of the Act, e.g. pt 3 div 2 s 16, add only if applicable. Pinpoint references should appear as abbreviations and a number separated by a space. Pinpoints are placed after the abbreviated jurisdiction.

Act of Parliament (legislation)

When discussing government policies and services that require you to refer to the relevant law(s), the title of the Act of Parliament (legislation) is generally placed first, followed by the relevant subsections.

Depending on the context, you might need to refer to specific sections, paragraphs and subparagraphs using a pinpoint reference.

The units are written in lower case unless they begin a sentence. Units of an Act can be written in long or abbreviated form. Do not begin sentences with the abbreviated form.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available) or pinpoint reference.

Reportable matters under the Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 (Vic) are an acknowledgement that 'the protection of children is the paramount consideration in the context of child abuse' (para 16B(1)(b)).

Section 55 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) sch 2 ('Australian Consumer Law') states that 'there is a guarantee that the goods are reasonably fit for any disclosed purpose, and for any purpose for which the supplier represents that they are reasonably fit'.

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Section 5A of the Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 (Vic) outlines the principles for compliance with child safety standards.

The principles for compliance with child safety standards are outlined in the Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 (Vic), s 5A.

The Victorian government's introduction of the Wage Theft Act 2020 was a response to...

Multiple jurisdictions have laws pertaining to the management of water supply in the Murray-Darling Basin, including the Water Act 1989 (Vic), Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (SA) and Water Act 2007 (Cth).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• For an Act of Parliament (legislation), include the title of the Act and year in italics, followed by the abbreviated jurisdiction in parentheses (e.g. Vic, Cth, etc.). For example, 'Commonwealth' is abbreviated to (Cth). Do not italicise the jurisdiction. Include the jurisdiction either in the sentence (e.g. 'The Victorian government's...') or in parenthesis as an abbreviation after the Act's title. Ensure the abbreviation does not have full stops, e.g. (Vic).

• If applicable, add a pinpoint after the jurisdiction.

Rule

Title of Act Year (abbreviated jurisdiction).

Examples

Child Wellbeing and Safety Act 2005 (Vic).

Water Act 2007 (Cth).

Bill

Reference a Bill in the same manner as an Act, ensuring that the title and year are NOT italicised.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available) or pinpoint reference.

Clause 64 of the Child Protection Reform and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2021 (QLD) states that '...'

It is acknowledged that '...' under the Mental Health and Wellbeing Bill 2022 (Vic).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The Aged Care and Other Legislation Amendment (Royal Commission Response No. 2) Bill 2021 (Cth) outlines...

The removal of...in the Disability Inclusion Amendment Bill 2022 (NSW) sch 1 s6 is more inclusive of...

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

For a Bill, reference it the same way as an Act, ensuring that the title and year are NOT italicised.

Rule

Title of Bill Year (abbreviated jurisdiction) Pinpoint [if applicable].

Examples

Aged Care and Other Legislation Amendment (Royal Commission Response No. 2) Bill 2021 (Cth).

Child Protection Reform and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2021 (QLD) cl 64.

Disability Inclusion Amendment Bill 2022 (NSW) sch 1 s6.

Mental Health and Wellbeing Bill 2022 (Vic).

Legal Case

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks). Include the location of the quote using a page number (if available). To specify a page number, use the word at rather than p, e.g. 'at 72'.

It was identified that '...' (Beasley v Francis (2008) 237 CLR 1 at 72).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The case examined...(University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• For a legal case, include the name of the case (parties) in italics, followed by the year in parentheses (e.g. 1975, 2008). Then put the volume number of the report series (e.g. 133), the report series abbreviation (e.g. CLR, FCR, IR, HCA, FCA, FWC), and the page number where the case begins (e.g. 1).

• Only italicise the case name, not the other sections.

Rule

Name of case (Year) Volume number of report series Abbreviation of report series Page number where case begins.

Example

University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1.

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.

Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.

Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration.

The Australian Government Style Manual (AGSM) does not provide information on how to cite your own work. The following is based on how to cite theses from the AGSM.

If it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work:

• You can quote or paraphrase from your previous work, but take care to contextualise what you quote or paraphrase to your new work.

• Treat yourself as the author and your own previous work as an unpublished paper.

• Include the year that you submitted your previous work.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. If your previously submitted work has a page number, put a colon (:) after the year followed by the page number. If no page number is available and the quote comes from written work, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

'Risk taking behaviours align with certain personality traits or disorders' (Smith 2021:13).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

An interview with a marketing manager at a leading women's fashion retailer revealed that...(Smith 2021).

Smith (2021) previously found that...

If your original assignment contained critique or commentary about other sources that you base your ideas on in your new assignment, you should also include those citations in your new assignment. For example, if you had criticised Presley and Dietrich in your earlier paper that you previously submitted, you might have something like this:

According to Smith (2021), the claims of Priestly and Dietrich (2009) are out-dated and do not apply to the case currently being examined.

I have not included Priestly and Dietrich’s (2009) model in this analysis because I believe their claims are not relevant to current work practices (Smith 2021).

Reference list entry

If it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work, in your reference list:

• Treat yourself as the author and your own previous work as an unpublished paper.

• Include the year that you submitted your previous work.

• Put the title of your previous work in italics.

• After the title, provide the format of your previous work and the course code in square brackets, e.g. [unpublished paper for course code]. For example: [unpublished paper for HRHR1001].

• The location is the city of the University. Add only if it is not inferred by the University name.

Rule

Student family name Initial (Year) Title of previous work [format], Name of University, Location of University [if not inferred by university name].

Example

Smith J (2021) An analysis of personality theory [unpublished paper for HRHR1001], RMIT University, Melbourne.

Case studies are not a publication or reference type. They are a type of writing found in various sources such as books, journal articles, websites, etc.

The source that the case study appears in should be referenced. For example, if the case study appears in a book, webpage or journal article, you reference the book, webpage or journal article, respectively. Please refer to the relevant section within this guide for how to reference various sources.

Face-to-face interviews that you conduct yourself are considered personal communication and are therefore not included in the reference list.

Published interviews The source that the published interview appears in should be referenced. For example, if the interview appears in a television program or podcast, you reference the television program or podcast. Please refer to the relevant section within this guide for how to reference various sources.

The person cited in the in-text citation is treated as the author since they have primary responsibility for communicating the content you are referring to.

Reference list entry

Example

Nabben K (16 June 2021) 'The Business: cryptocurrency special' [video], ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), ABC iview website, accessed 30 November 2021. https://iview.abc.net.au/video/NS2157H001S00

The author can be an individual person or organisation.

In your in-text citation, include the author's name (individual or organisation), followed by publication year (e.g. 2021).

If the author's name is an organisation, you can use the shortened name form in parentheses for your in-text citation if the organisation uses it regularly and it has become commonly accepted, e.g. 'RBA' rather than 'Reserve Bank of Australia'. This saves you space. The full name is provided in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. If the media release has a page number, put a colon (:) after the year followed by the page number. If no page number is available, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The example below comes from a source that does not have page numbers:

In a recent media statement, the Minister for Housing acknowledged that 'young people leaving state care are at much higher risk of homelessness and unemployment' (Office of the Premier of Victoria 2021).

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The Minister for Housing announced additional funding for youth accommodation that would be integrated with additional support service (Office of the Premier of Victoria 2021).

The Australian economy is now moving into a recovery phase, according to the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia, Phillip Lowe (2021), following the disruptions caused by the Delta outbreak.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

• After the author, put in brackets the day, month and year the media release was published.

• Italicise title of media release. After the title, provide the format of the resource in square brackets, i.e. [media release].

• Include the word website after website name.

• Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 13 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Rule

Author's family name Initial or Organisation's name (Day Month Year) Title of media release: subtitle of media release [format], Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year. URL

Examples

Lowe P (2 November 2021) Statement by Philip Lowe, Governor: monetary policy decision [media release], Reserve Bank of Australia website, accessed 10 December 2021. https://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2021/mr-21-24.html

Office of the Premier of Victoria (8 December 2021) Boosting support for homeless youth [media release], Office of the Premier of Victoria website, accessed 22 January 2022. https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/ boosting-support-homeless-youth

Personal communication, such as face-to-face interviews, conversations, telephone calls, letters or emails, is only cited an in-text citation.

In the in-text citation, include information about the personal communication, such as the format of personal communication (e.g. personal in-person conversation, email, verbal or written interview, telephone conversation, etc.) and the date in the format of Day Month Year.

Personal communication is not published and therefore unavailable for verification. For this reason, it is not included in the reference list.

In-text citation: Direct quotes

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the work. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number (if available).

For direct quotes, page numbers are only required when they are provided in the original work. If the personal communication has a page number, put a colon (:) after the year followed by the page number. If no page number is available and the quote comes from a written source, you can indicate the location of the quote in your writing.

The examples below come from sources that do not have page numbers:

My field placement supervisor commented '...' (Lee, personal communication, 14 May 2022)

Rowlands (personal communication, 20 February 2022) stated...

In-text citation: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Ms Merrick, Melville Shire Council CEO, confirmed the accuracy of the claims by email on 25 April 2022.

Reference list entry

Since personal communication is not published and therefore unavailable for verification, it is not included in reference lists.

For work you read in a language other than English, the source that the non-English work appears in should be referenced. For example, if the non-English work appears in a book, newspaper article, webpage or journal article, you reference the book, newspaper article, webpage or journal article, respectively. Please refer to the relevant section within this guide for how to reference various sources.

List the title in the original language. If the original language uses a different alphabet or script from English, use the anglicised spelling.

Place the English translation in parenthesis after the original title.

Add the accessed date (e.g. accessed 5 December 2021), followed by a full stop, a space then the URL. No full stop after URL.

Reference list entry

Example

Vietnam Customs (2021) Thống kê Hải quan (Customs statistics), Vietnam Customs, website, accessed 5 December 2021. https://tongcuc.customs.gov.vn/

AI-generated text

Using generative artificial intelligence (AI) in learning and research, including assessment tasks

The educators within your courses can tell you if you are able to use artificial intelligence (AI) tools in your assessment tasks, including how you can use the tools and what tools you can use. If you use any AI tools, you must appropriately acknowledge and reference the use of these tools and their outputs. Failure to reference the use of these tools can result in academic misconduct.

Please confirm with your course educator before using any AI tools in your assessment tasks.

Please note that the guidelines on how to reference AI tools have been updated in January 2024. This is in response to changes in the ability to generate shareable URLs in some AI tools.

Overview of text-generating AI tools

Introduction to AI tools that can generate text

AI tools that generate text, such as OpenAI's ChatGPT, are large language models with a conversational type of interface, where you can ask a question, receive a detailed response and follow up with additional queries.

Some generative AI tools are not connected to the internet and are trained on data sets up to a specific time point. Other generative AI tools connect to the internet and will provide URL links to information. There are some points to consider when using the text generated by these tools:

• As these tools function in a similar way to predictive text on your phone, by recognising and reproducing patterns in language, they can generate incorrect information.
• While they can produce citations and references, these are not always correct. If you are relying on the information to be accurate, you should check that the reference cited by the AI tool exists, and that the information cited is present in the original source.
• The data sets used to train these tools often include biased and inaccurate information, as access to scholarly information and valid scientific studies may be limited, and information from social media and other less reputable sources is included.

The Learning Lab Artificial Intelligence Tools module has more information on how these AI tools work, and some points to consider when using them.

Copyright and non-human authors

Current copyright law only recognises humans as authors and creators. One of the moral rights associated with copyright is the right to be acknowledged as the author of a work. From a copyright perspective an AI tool cannot be recognised as the creator of a work, however it is important to explain that an AI tool was used in the creation of the work. This has informed our referencing guidance.

General acknowledgement that AI tools have been used in the creation of a work

In some assessment tasks, you may be able to use AI tools for background research, or to generate an outline for your essay or report (as stated earlier, please follow your educator's guidance before using any AI tools).. In this case, rather than citing and referencing specific text generated by AI tools, you will need to provide a general acknowledgement within the body or methods section of your text to explain that an AI tool was used in the creation of your work. Include as much detail as possible, including how you used the AI tool, the prompt used, the date you used the tool, and the name, creator and version of the AI tool.

Example: On the 26th June 2023, I used the May 24 version of OpenAI's ChatGPT to perform background research by using the following prompt "explain the difference between deep learning and machine learning".

Referencing specific text content generated by AI tools

Each of the referencing styles used at RMIT is based on a source style manual. More information on the source style manuals used for each style can be found in Easy Cite. Currently, only the editors of the APA style manual have provided advice on referencing AI-generated content. For the other referencing styles used at RMIT, we have created interim guidelines for referencing AI-generated content that we believe are the best match within that style. These may change in the future as the source style manuals develop or update their guidelines for referencing AI-generated content.

If you are referring to content generated by AI tools within your work, we recommend that you include the shareable link to the content if available, or otherwise include this AI-generated content as an appendix or supplemental information. It is also good practice to include the question or prompt that generated the response to provide context for your readers.

Two sets of reference guidelines are provided below for each style - one is for AI tools that include shareable URLs to the outputs generated from text prompts, which enables your readers to access the outputs themselves. The other is for AI tools that do not provide shareable links, meaning that the readers of your work cannot access the same information themselves.

AI-generated images

Using generative AI in learning and research, including assessment tasks

Your course lecturer can tell you if you are able to use content generated by artificial intelligence (AI) tools in your assessment tasks, including AI-generated images. Please confirm with your course lecturer for a specific assessment task before using any AI tools.

If you are able to use AI tools in your assessment task, you need to appropriately acknowledge and reference all of the AI-generated content that you include. Failure to reference this AI-generated content can result in academic misconduct.

Please note that the information about using generative AI tools will continue to be updated - we recommend checking this guide regularly and confirming with your course lecturer if you are unsure.

Overview of images generated by AI tools

Some generative AI tools have been trained on large numbers of existing images, and these tools can create new images based on prompts from users. The images created using these tools can be downloaded, but they are not published or reproducible in the AI platform. Images generated using AI tools such as Midjourney and DALL-E 2 are the topic of much debate. Current copyright law only recognises humans as authors. One of the moral rights associated with copyright is the right to be acknowledged as the author of a work. From a copyright perspective there is currently no obligation to recognise AI as the creator of a work, however it is important to explain that AI was used in the creation of the work.

AI-generated images are an emerging technology, and there are not yet clear guidelines for how to incorporate them into existing referencing styles such as APA 7th, Chicago, etc. Our current recommendation for how to reference AI-generated images varies for each referencing style, and is included below. Additionally, we recommend that you include the question or prompt that generated the image where possible, to provide context for your readers.

Please note that our recommendations for how to reference AI-generated content may change in the future as referencing style manuals are updated.

How to reference AI-generated text in RMIT Harvard - interim guidelines

The Australian Government Style Manual, on which our RMIT Harvard referencing style is based, currently contains no guidelines for referencing AI-generated content, and also has no guidelines for referencing software programs. As the RMIT Harvard style is similar to the APA 7th style, we have based the interim guidelines for RMIT Harvard on the current APA guidelines for referencing AI-generated content, adapted to match the RMIT Harvard style. Please note these are interim guidelines and these may be updated in the future if the Australian Government Style Manual editors release formal advice.

Use the name of the creator of the tool as the author and include both an in-text citation and a reference list entry. If a shareable URL to the content is available, include it in your reference list entry. If the content is not shareable, include the prompt used and the output generated in an appendix. Include the general URL for the tool and a note about the appendix in the reference list entry.

In-text citations:

For in-text citations, use the creator of the AI tool as the author (i.e., OpenAI), and the year of the version of the AI model that you have used.

Rule for narrative (author-prominent) citations: Author (year)

Example 1: OpenAI (2023)

Example 2: Anthropic (2024)

Rule for parenthetical (information-prominent) citations: (Author, year)

Example 1: (OpenAI 2023)

Example 2: (Anthropic 2024)

Reference list entry example -- shareable URL generated by the AI tool:

Rule

Author (Year) Title of software program (Version) [Format], Publisher*, accessed Day Month Year. URL

*Note: when the publisher and author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name after the format, and instead move directly to the accessed date and URL.

Example

OpenAI (2023) ChatGPT (May 24 version) [Large language model], accessed 26 June 2023. https://chat.openai.com/share/81f2e81f-f137-41b6-9881-39af1672ae3c

Reference list entry example -- non-shareable AI-generated content:

Rule

Author (Year) Title of software program (Version) [Format], Publisher*, accessed Day Month Year. URL. Appendix.

*Note: when the publisher and author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name after the format, and instead move directly to the accessed date and appendix.

Example

Anthropic (2024) Claude [Large language model], accessed 22 January 2024. https://claude.ai/chats. See Appendix for prompt used and output generated.

How to reference AI-generated images in RMIT Harvard - guidelines

The RMIT Harvard style contains information for using and referencing images, including that artworks and images that you use in your assessment tasks do not need the copyright permissions that are required for publishing or commercial use. However, it is essential that you give credit to the creator of the work and reference it in your work.

AI-generated images reproduced in a published source:

If using reproduced images, reference the published source. In a caption below the image add a figure number and information about the image, including the published source. We currently recommend including the information that the artwork was generated using AI in the format field. Also include the published source in your reference list using the standard RMIT Harvard guidelines for the relevant source (e.g. a newspaper article).

Caption

Rule

Figure number: Creator's family name Initial [if artist/creator is known] OR leave blank if artist/creator unknown (year produced) Title or description of artwork or image [format], publishing details of where artwork or image was sourced

Example

Figure 1: Allen JM (2022) Théâtre D’opéra Spatial [artwork generated using Midjourney], Roose K (2 September 2022) 'An A.I.-Generated Picture Won an Art Prize. Artists Aren’t Happy.', The New York Times, accessed 3 March 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/technology/ai-artificial-intelligence-artists.html

AI-generated images that you produce:

Include the image in your work with a caption that explains that the work was generated by an AI tool, and what prompt was used. No reference list entry is required for an AI-generated image that you have produced.

Caption

Rule

Figure number: Description or explanation.

Example

Figure 1: Image generated using OpenAI's DALL-E 2 from the prompt: a brown owl in a forest.