Important: this is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
Harvard is an author-date referencing style.
Harvard style requires in-text references and the reference list.
In-text references appear within the body of the document. They include the author(s) family name and the year of publication, with extra details if required, such as page numbers.
A reference list provides full details of all in-text references at the end of the document.
Download the RMIT University Harvard referencing guide (DOCX, 50.8 KB) from the
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s).
Do not overuse direct quotes.
Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. Abbreviate the word paragraph to para. with a period afterward.
If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots (...) and another space. For example: Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas ... will require coherent change strategies'.
An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.
Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas as hazard reduction, resource use, waste, pollution, etc. will require coherent change strategies'.
In a post about the emotions involved in undertaking a literature review, the Thesis Whisper (2013, para. 16) notes that 'elation when you realise you know more than your supervisor about your topic and you feel brave enough to argue about it' is one of the top five PhD emotions.
'Results broadly apply to managers in the tourism, hospitality, and service industries' (Hosany & Martin 2012, Managerial implications section).
Quotes of more than 30 words in length are known as block quotations.
Block quotes need to start on a new line, be indented from the text margin and set in smaller text size without single inverted commas (quotation marks).
At the end of the quote, include the reference details such as author name, year and page number(s) in parentheses.
Khoo's PhD research project in the area of architecture investigated:
the application of alternative multifunctional material systems with possible form-changing and responsive capacities. These are integrated with physical computational processes for responsive morphing architectural design as an ‘integrated’ and ‘synergetic’ entity identical to single moulded devices such as the solid-state door handles developed by the automobile industry (2013, p. 10).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.
Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business groups on the economy.
Based on the novel of the same name, Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2010) follows the relationship between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky.
The City of Melbourne's population increased by 10.5 percent in the period between July 2012 and June 2013 (Martin 2014).
In a single document, to identify works by different first authors with the same family name insert the initials of the first author’s given name(s).
It is argued that ... (Fitzgerald, B 2010) but A. Fitzgerald and Eliades (2015) claim that ... .
In the reference list, order works by different first authors with the same family name by the year of publication.
Fitzgerald, A & Eliades, D 2015, Introduction to property law, Thomson Reuters, Pyrmont, NSW.
Fitzgerald, B 2010, 'Creative commons', Telecommunication Journal of Australia, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 63.1-63.18.
When including two or more references in the same parentheses in a sentence, list all references alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon (;).
It has been claimed that… (Carroll 2012; Chalkley et al. 2012; Kuratko, Goldsby & Hornsby 2012).
Include personal communication, such as face-to-face interviews, conversations, telephone calls, letters or emails, in an in-text reference.
Information about personal communication must be included in the in-text reference. Include the type of personal communication (for example: personal conversation, email, interview, telephone conversation) and the date in a date-month-year format.
Personal conversation can be abbreviated to pers. conv. and a telephone conversation can be abbreviated to tel. conv.
However, personal communication references do not need to be included in the reference list.
My field placement supervisor commented ‘… ‘ (CM Burns 2014, pers. conv., 20 April).
Ms Merrick (Melville Shire Council CEO) confirmed the details by email on 25 April 2014.
Use a secondary citation to acknowledge the work of an author(s) that has been directly quoted or paraphrased in another author(s) work.
In the in-text reference, include the original source of information and the source you have used. For example, if an article by Hosany and Martin cites Heath and Scott, refer to both Heath & Scott and Hosany & Martin.
Early research indicated... (Heath & Scott, cited in Hosany & Martin 2012).
Heath and Scott (cited in Hosany & Martin 2012) claim that...
In the reference list, include only the source you have used. In this example, you would only need to include the Hosany and Martin reference.
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691.
If there is no place of publication use n.p. (for ‘no place’).
If the place of publication is not commonly known (for example: Harlow) or the place of publication could be located in two or more countries, additional information is required.
For Australia and the United States, add the abbreviated name of the State.
Fitzroy, VIC or Delmar, NY
For the United Kingdom, add the abbreviation UK.
Harlow, UK
For other countries, add the name of the country.
Below is an example of a reference list displaying various resource types including a book, DVD, journal article, legislation, newspaper article, report, social media entry and thesis.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia's progress: summary indicators, cat. no. 1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.
Carney, S 2012, 'Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers', The Age, 26 May, p. 23, viewed 27 September 2016, ProQuest database.
Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, DVD, Madman Entertainment, Richmond, VIC, directed by Jan Kounen.
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).
Jamison, JR 1991a, Diagnostic decision making in clinical practice, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
Jamison, JR 1991b, Health promotion for chiropractic practice, Aspen, Gaithersburg, MD.
Khoo, CK 2013, 'Morphing architecture with responsive material systems', PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne, <https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:160591>.
Lewis, B & Lewis, J 2015, Health communication: a media and cultural studies approach, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education: the team is everything, Facebook, 25 April, viewed 16 June 2015, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Peter-P-Smith/196037770427320>.
'Tackling knife crime' 2010, The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.
Taylor, CM, Karunaratne, CV & Xie, N 2012, 'Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual discoveries', Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 757-767.
World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables, World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014, <http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/>.
Direct quote
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas as hazard reduction, resource use, waste, pollution, etc. will require coherent change strategies'.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
It is argued that strategies will need to be implemented to change how the areas of hazard reduction, waste and pollution are managed (Cannon 2012).
Reference list entry
In the reference list:
Cannon, T 2012, Corporate responsibility: governance, compliance and ethics in a sustainable environment, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.
For a book with an edition number, add the number and the abbreviation ‘edn’ after the title of the book.
There is no need to include edition information if a book is a first edition, or if no edition is mentioned.
Reference list entry
Cannon, T 2012, Corporate responsibility: governance, compliance and ethics in a sustainable environment, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.
Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.
Direct quote
It is critical to 'get the policy settings right so that the private sector is able to resume its position and take over from government as the primary driver of economic growth' (Business Council of Australia 2010, p. 7).
Paraphrase
Business Council of Australia (2010) is in favour of stopping the stimulus and increasing productivity through job creation.
Reference list entry
Business Council of Australia 2010, Balancing act: fiscal and policy priorities to support growth: BCA budget submission 2010-11, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.
List authors in the order they are listed in the book.
Use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
Direct quote
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
Lewis and Lewis (2015, p. 4) argue 'that the media is implicated in all health promotion strategies'.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
To assist with health promotion, health care workers need an understanding of the media (Lewis & Lewis 2015).
Reference list entry
In the reference list:
Lewis, B & Lewis, J 2015, Health communication: a media and cultural studies approach, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
For in-text citations, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year.
Direct quote
Haslam et al. (2013, p. 78) argues 'that wealth accumulation matters, because it provides the financial foundation upon which to secure income...'.
Paraphrasing
Accounting numbers are used as a managerial tool (Haslam et al. 2013).
Reference list entry
In the reference list:
Haslam, C, Andersson, T, Tsitsianis, N & Yin, YP 2013, Redefining business models: strategies for a financialized world, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Order the citations of two or more works by placing the publication years after the author name in chronological order.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
The adoption of creative industries has been driven by policy disclosure (Flew 2013, 2014).
Reference list entry
Arrange works by the same author by year of publication, with the earliest year first. Use the initial of the author's given name(s).
Flew, T 2013, Global creative industries, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
Flew, T 2014, New media, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne.
Generally, an edited book includes chapters written by different authors.
When using a book chapter in an in-text reference, use the author(s) details of the chapter and not the editor(s) details of the book.
If there is no chapter author, use the title of the chapter instead of the author details in the in-text reference and in the reference list.
If you use an edited book (where the chapters have no identifying author(s) details) in an in-text reference, use the editor(s) family name(s) as the author(s).
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
'Business groups have been seen as both the powerhouses behind Japanese industrialization and the culprits behind Japan’s decade-long inertia' (Ahmadjian 2006, p. 29).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business groups on the economy.
In your reference list:
Ahmadjian, CL 2006, 'Japanese business groups: continuity in the face of change', in S Chang (ed.), Business groups in East Asia: financial crisis, restructuring, and new growth, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 29-51.
Generally, an edited book will only appear in a bibliography list. A bibliography is used to list any other sources that you have read but not included in your writing. Check with your lecturer/teacher or supervisor if you need to provide a bibliography.
In the bibliography list, for an edited book, add (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
If you have used an edited book as part of an in-text reference and need to add the book details to a reference list, use the same format as the bibliography list entry.
If the role of editor (compiler, reviser or translator) is important to the work cite the work by their name rather than the author’ names.
If the author’s role remains of primary importance to the work cite the work using the author’s name and acknowledge the editor (compiler, reviser or translator) in the reference list.
If there is no author, use the name of the editor (compiler, reviser or translator).
Use the abbreviations ed., eds, comps, rev. and trans. as appropriate.
Lubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA.
E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading or chapter number. The word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.
'A contested concept like online game addiction has many stakeholders, and academic discourse is only one of many that influence how we think about this topic' (Karlsen 2013, p. 29).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
The topic of online gaming addiction can be considered through academic disclosure and other stakeholders (Karlsen 2013).
For e-books in HTML format and sourced from RMIT University Library databases, use the name of the e-book collection (for example: ProQuest Ebook Central database) instead of the place of publication.
Karlsen, F 2013, A world of excesses: online games and excessive playing, Routledge, ProQuest Ebook Central database.
For e-books sourced from e-readers, replace the place of publication with the name of the e-reader device (for example: Kindle).
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a chapter number and/or section heading, and a paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. and the word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.
Shann (1948, ch. 1, para. 2) argues that 'neither legal restrictions nor isolation made the "settlers from convicts" better able to read the riddle of agriculture in a climate fruitful at times but fatally capricious'.
The work by Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia's economy at the time of Governor Phillip.
For e-books in HTML format and sourced from the internet, add the viewed date (for example: viewed 16 November 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) rather than the place of publication.
Shann, E 1948, An economic history of Australia, Cambridge University Press, viewed 16 November 2016, <http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1300861h.html#ch-0>.
If there is no author, cite the encyclopedia or dictionary title and the year. Italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.
An encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author does not need to be included in the reference list.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.
The ABC system is used 'to explain the genetic control of floral organ determination during flower development' (Dictionary of biology 2014, ABC model entry).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
During flower development, the ABC model is often used to explain how four genes can change a flower organ into another form (Dictionary of biology 2014).
No entry needed in the reference list.
If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.
'Focused reflection is a key element of most action research models. One activity essential to reflection is referred to as metacognition, or thinking about thinking' (Adams 2010, Action research entry).
When undertaking action research, the researcher reflects on the research process and what has been learnt in practice (Adams 2010).
In your reference list:
Adams, P 2010, 'Action research', in NJ Salkind (ed.) Encyclopedia of research design, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
For an encyclopedia or dictionary in HTML format and sourced from an RMIT University Library database, use the name of the database (for example: Oxford Reference database) instead of the place of publication.
As details will vary for brochures, exhibition catalogues or pamphlets, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
If there is no author, cite the publication title and the year. Italicise the publication title.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading.
'Co-tenancy is the most common type of shared housing arrangement' (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010, Co-tenancy section).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
The shared household fact sheet provides information for people sharing a house or unit (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010).
In the reference list:
Tenants Union of Victoria 2010, Shared households, pamphlet, Tenants Union of Victoria, Fitzroy, VIC.
Di Trocchio et al. (2011, p. 9) state that 'ManStyle is the first exhibition in Australia to focus on international and Australian men's fashion from the eighteenth century to the present'.
A traditional style of suit is the double-breasted pinstripe in navy (Di Trocchio et al. 2011).
In the reference list:
Di Trocchio, P, Jocic, L, Leong, R, Somerville, K & Whitfield, D 2011, Manstyle: men + fashion, exhibition catalogue, 11 March - 27 November, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)).
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
Fazel (2015, p. 260) found that 'a key moment of adjustment for refugee and asylum seeking students lies in the process of recognition by peers'.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Having mental health services based in schools can be beneficial for refugee students in adjusting to a new life (Fazel 2015).
In the reference list:
Fazel, M 2015, 'A moment of change: facilitating refugee children's mental health in UK schools', International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 41, pp. 255-261.
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume, issue (if supplied), page details.
`Tackling knife crime' 2010, The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
'Sustainability engineering can be broadly defined as the integration of sustainability issues in the various activities associated with engineering practice' (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012, p. 50).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
In engineering, the definition of sustainable development will change as different interpretations of the concept are utilised (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012).
In the reference list:
Gagnon, B, Leduc, R & Savard, L 2012, 'From a conventional to a sustainable engineering design process: different shades of sustainability', Journal of Engineering Design, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 49-74.
Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.
For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
'Provide scientists and scientific institutions with insights into the ingredients of successful social media engagement in science communication' (Hwong et al. 2017, p. 480).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Hwong et al. (2017) found that using photographs, videos and hashtags on Twitter is beneficial when engaging with the science community.
In the reference list:
Hwong, Y-L, Oliver, C, Van Kranedonk, M, Sammut, C & Seroussi, Y 2017, 'What makes you tick? The psychology of social media engagement in space science communication', Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 68, pp. 480-492.
Articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as articles from printed journals.
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference.
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)).
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'Results broadly apply to managers in the tourism, hospitality, and service industries' (Hosany & Martin 2012, Managerial implications section).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
The expectation of tourists ... (Hosany & Martin 2012).
In the reference list:
Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, ‘Self-image congruence in consumer behavior’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection database.
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume details (if supplied), issue details (if supplied), page numbers (if available), viewed date, Database name.
For two or three authors, use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.
For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference.
If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)).
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Ogilvy (2011, para. 13) is 'less concerned with the means, or with issues of equity, than with the aspiration in the first place'.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Ogilvy (2011) suggests that the tools and techniques for human enhancement need to be selected more carefully.
In the reference list:
Ogilvy, J 2011, 'Human enhancement and the computational metaphor', Journal of Evolution & Technology, vol. 22, no. 1, viewed 11 June 2012, <http://jetpress.org/v22/ogilvy.htm>.
If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume details (if supplied), issue details (if supplied), viewed date, URL address.
If there is no author, reference the newspaper title and the date and year (for example: 2 October 2016). Italicise the newspaper title.
A newspaper article without an author does not need to be included in the reference list.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting the needs of those who rely on its services' (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016, p. 25).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016).
No entry needed in the reference list.
'Australians are piling into Melbourne's central business district at a record rate' (Martin 2014, p. 2).
The City of Melbourne's population increased by 10.5 percent in the period between July 2012 and June 2013 (Martin 2014).
In the reference list:
Martin, P 2014, 'Melbourne tops nation's growth rate: population record rise in city dwellers', The Age, 7 April, p. 2.
Newspaper articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as printed newspaper articles.
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a Library database, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Carney (2012, p. 23) stated that 'it [was not] enough that Gillard would produce the measures that Wilkie wanted, she also had to guarantee that they would become law'.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
The Gillard government ... (Carney 2012).
In the reference list:
Carney, S 2012, 'Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers', The Age, 26 May, p. 23, viewed 27 September 2016, ProQuest database.
If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a webpage, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'There is also the risk that the tweeting citizen journalist, unaware of court reporting laws, may include material which should be excluded' (Banks 2010, para. 8).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Guidelines for the use of social media tools in courts ... (Banks 2010).
In the reference list:
Banks, D 2010, 'Tweeting in court: why reporters must be given guidelines', The Guardian, 15 December, viewed 25 November 2015, <http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/dec/15/tweeting-court-reporters-julian-assange>.
A blog or blog post is usually referenced as you would a webpage.
If there is no author(s) name use the username instead (for example: Thesis Whisperer).
List the format of the entry (for example: blog or blog post).
If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Include the location of the direct quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
In a post about the emotions involved in undertaking a literature review, the Thesis Whisperer (2013, para. 16) notes that one of the top five PhD emotions is 'elation when you realise you know more than your supervisor about your topic and you feel brave enough to argue about it'.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
When undertaking a literature review ... (Thesis Whisperer 2013).
In the reference list:
Thesis Whisperer 2013, 'Wormhole literature', The Thesis Whisperer, blog post, 3 April, viewed 8 January 2014, <http://thesiswhisperer.com/2013/04/03/the-wormhole-incident/>.
Webber, S & Boon, S 2006, Information literacy blog, blog, viewed 8 January 2014, <http://information-literacy.blogspot.com>.
Social media is usually referenced as you would a website.
If there is no author’s name use the username instead.
List the name of the platform (for example: Facebook, Twitter).
If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).
For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (for example: a private Facebook page), the social media entry should be referenced as personal communication.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).
In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, the Barack Obama Twitter account stated that 'it [is] time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy' (Obama 2016).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Peter Smith (2015) updated his Facebook page on the 25 April with a link to...
In the reference list:
Obama, B 2016, It’s time for Senate leaders to put politics aside …, Twitter, 17 May, viewed 19 May 2016, <https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/732589315478290432>.
Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education the team is everything, Facebook, 25 April, viewed 16 June 2015, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Peter-P-Smith/196037770427320>.
As details will vary for webpages or web documents, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
If a webpage or web document does not have an author(s) (individual or corporate), start with the title of the document in italics followed by the date. If there is no date, use n.d.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
The tables are intended 'to aid technical decisions with respect to the national vaccination schedule' (World Health Organization 2014, para. 8).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
For immunization program recommendations refer to the information maintained by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization 2014).
In the reference list:
World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables, World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014, <http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/>.
Heath, N 2020, What is AI?: Everything you need to know about Artificial Intelligence, ZDNet, viewed 15 December 2020, <https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-everything-you-need-to-know-about-artificial-intelligence>.
The author may be the same as the organisation hosting the website.
The author can also be the publisher. For example: World Health Organization.
The abbreviation n.d. may be used where there is no known date.
For author details, use the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics rather than the abbreviation ABS.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'A major driving force in human activity is the desire for optimal health, better living conditions and improved quality of life' (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Society section).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) the life expectancy for a female born in 2010 will be 84 years.
In the reference list:
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia's progress: summary indicators, cat. no. 1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.
For an Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), no need to include a viewed date or URL address as part of the reference list entry.
Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament.
As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
This 'review provides an opportunity to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from the first five years of the TEQSA Act’s operation' (Department of Education and Training 2016, para. 3).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
The review into the impact of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 will examine ... (Department of Education and Training 2016).
In the reference list:
Department of Education and Training 2016, Review of the impact on the higher education sector of the TEQSA Act, viewed 16 December 2016, <https://www.education.gov.au/review-impact-higher-education-sector-teqsa-act>.
For a Government or organisation report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), no need to include a viewed date or URL address as part of the reference list entry.
Amnesty International 2017, Europe a perfect storm: the failure of European policies in the central Mediterranean, Amnesty International, London.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'For single or upper storey construction, the spacing of bracing elements, measured at right angles to elements, shall not exceed 9000 mm' (Standards Australia 2010, p. 11).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
For procedures and practices relating to timber framed constructions in non-cyclonic areas refer to ... (Standards Australia 2010).
In the reference list:
Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber-framed construction - non-cyclonic areas, AS 1684.2-2010, viewed 28 September 2012, SAI Global database.
As details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'Internet services are provided via dial-up, integrated services digital network (ISDN) and fixed broadband connections' (Lo 2016, p. 2).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Lo (2016) claims that the industry will increase ...
In the reference list:
Lo, B 2016, Internet service providers in Australia, report No. J5911, industry report, IBISWorld, viewed 6 October 2016, IBISWorld database.
Where there is no author, use the organisation responsible for the report.
MarketLine Limited 2015, Credit cards in Canada, industry profile, MarketLine Limited, viewed 6 October 2016, MarketLine database.
As details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
Where there is no author, use the name of the company or organisation responsible for the report.
'Coles is our largest consumer business and its relationship with food and grocery suppliers in Australia continues to be the focus of some attention' (WesFarmers Limited 2015, Sourcing section).
Wesfarmers Limited (2015) are wanting to engage with the community to limit environmental impact.
In the reference list:
Wesfarmers Limited 2015, Sustainability report 2015, company report, Wesfarmers Limited, viewed 16 April 2016, <http://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/>.
Reference the title of the film or television program in italics followed by the date of the production.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words from the film or television program. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).
'You [are] not an artist, Coco. You [are] a shopkeeper' (Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Based on the novel of the same name, Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2010) follows the relationship between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky.
For the reference list:
Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, DVD, Madman Entertainment, Richmond, VIC, directed by Jan Kounen.
When plans change (part 1) 2016, television program, Australian Story, ABC TV, Sydney, 17 October.
If the author(s) of the podcast is unknown, reference the title of the podcast and the year of the broadcast. Italicise the podcast title.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Isherwood (2012) stated that 'problem solving drives creativity ...'.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
In a guest lecture, Isherwood (2012) spoke about creativity in advertising.
For the reference list:
Isherwood, B 2012, Where ideas come from, podcast, 12 September, viewed 5 June 2014, <http//itunesu.rmit.edu.au/node/862>.
Fidler, R 2016, Tim Ferguson: why comedy is not just for laughs, radio program, 702 ABC Radio, Sydney, 16 December, viewed 20 December 2016, <https://radio.abc.net.au/programitem/pe8LwEmpX3>.
If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is known, reference the video by the author(s) family or corporate name and the year of the video.
If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is unknown, reference the title of the video (in italics) and the year of the video.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words from the video. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).
'Subject guides are mini-websites for each subject area. They show you all the best places to look for information on what [you are] studying' (RMIT University 2014).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking (2012) explores the concept of what is design thinking.
For the reference list:
Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking 2012, streaming video, Muris Media, San Francisco, viewed 23 March 2014, <https://rmit-kanopystreaming-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/video/design-and-thinking>.
RMIT University 2014, What’s a library subject guide?, YouTube, 8 October, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 18 April 2016, <https://youtu.be/IXo58MojuKI>.
If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording (for example: album or CD) is known, reference the sound recording by the artist(s) family name or band name and the year of the sound recording.
If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording is unknown, reference the title of the sound recording (in italics) and the year of the sound recording.
Generally, the title of the album or CD will be included in the in-text reference. However, if you have only listened to a single track, then the name of the single track will be included in the in-text reference.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words from the sound recording. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).
The first line of Patti Smith's version of Gloria 'Jesus died for somebody's sins but not mine' is interpreted as ... (Smith 1975).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Patti Smith’s 1975 album Horses is interpreted as her introduction to the punk movement (Smith 1975).
For the reference list:
Album or CD
Smith, P 1975, Horses, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York.
Single track
Smith, P 1975, Gloria, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York.
Online
Smith, P 1975, Horses, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York, viewed 5 September 2017, <https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/horses/id1038568061>.
Dr Peter McIntosh from CSIRO explains the current drought is having a greater impact because "climate change is warming Australia, and the warmer it gets, the more evaporation you get so the same amount of rainfall is less effective for farmers" (Winds of change 2008).
Australian experts agree that the current drought is having a greater negative impact on farms because climate change is creating higher rates of evaporation of rainfall (Winds of change 2008).
Note that 'program' spelling is preferred over 'programme'.
Winds of change 2008, [television program], Four Corners, ABC Television, 17 March.
RMIT Harvard includes the following within the definition of images and figures:
1. the figure number (in bold)
2. title of the figure in italics (if unknown give a short description)
3. author/creator of the figure
4. year of work (if unknown use n.d.)
5. material type (if known)
6. creative commons/copyright statement (if applicable)
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout
Refer to the figure by its assigned number and include a page number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 1 . . . (Gorman 2001, p. 69).
Figure 1 illustrates . . . (Gorman 2001, p. 69).
For example, Aubrey Beardsley's drawing, The Stomach Dance (Gorman 2001, p. 69) has linear qualities that resemble . . .
A figure from a book/journal article will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 1: The Stomach Dance by Aubrey Beardsley, 1893, line block print.
The book or journal article from which the figure is taken needs to be included in the reference list and formatted in the correct RMIT Harvard style according to the source type.
Gorman, P 2001, The look: adventures in pop & rock fashion, Sanctuary Publishing, London.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 2 . . . (Burn 1861).
Figure 2 illustrates . . . (Burn 1861).
The painting, Swanston Street from the Bridge expresses . . . (Burn 1861).
A figure from a webpage will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 2: Swanston Street from the Bridge by Henry Burn, 1861, oil on canvas.
The figure must appear in the reference list and include details such as the author/creator, year of creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), publisher/provider/copyright owner, viewed date and URL enclosed in angled brackets (<>).
Burn, H 1861, Swanston Street from the Bridge, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Victoria, viewed 14 June 2020, <https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4294/>.
This image falls under public domain use as copyright has expired. For more information about the duration of copyright see Australian Copyright Council. Opens in new window
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 3 . . . (Vanni 2007).
Figure 3 illustrates . . . (Vanni 2007).
The photograph of Le Corbusier's Notre-Dame-du-Haut building in Ronchamp, France conveys . . . (Vanni 2007).
A figure from a library database will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 3: Notre-Dame-du-Haut by Vanni, 2007, photograph.
The figure must appear in the reference list and include details such as the author/creator, year of creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), viewed date and database name.
Vanni 2007, Notre-Dame-du-Haut, photograph, viewed 19 June 2020, Oxford Art Online database.
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 4 . . . (Mari 2009).
Figure 4 demonstrates . . . (Mari 2009).
The photograph, Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao shows . . . (Mari 2009).
A creative commons figure will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 4: Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli), 2009, photograph. Copyright 2009 by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli). CC BY 2.0.
The figure must appear in the reference list and include details such as the author/creator, year of creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), publisher/provider/copyright owner, viewed date and URL enclosed in angled brackets (<>).
Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli) 2009, Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, photograph, Flickr, viewed 24 June 2020, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/52355315@N08/5757476385/>.
"Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao" Opens in new window by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli) Opens in new window can be reused under the CC BY 2.0 license. Opens in new window
Maps taken from an online source can include:
When citing figures such as maps in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 5 . . . (Kearney 1855).
Figure 5 demonstrates . . . (Kearney 1855).
The map, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] shows . . . (Kearney 1855).
A digitised map will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 5: Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] by James Kearney, 1855, digitised map.
The figure must appear in the reference list and include details such as the author/creator, year of creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), publisher/provider/copyright owner, viewed date and URL enclosed in angled brackets (<>).
Kearney, J 1855, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material], digitised map, Victoria Surveyor-General, State Library Victoria, viewed 19 June 2020, <http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/89107>.
This image falls under public domain use as copyright has expired. For more information about the duration of copyright see Australian Copyright Council. Opens in new window
As shown in Figure 6 . . . (VicPlan 2020).
Figure 6 demonstrates . . . (VicPlan 2020).
The web map, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 highlights . . . (VicPlan 2020).
A web map will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:
Figure 6: Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 by VicPlan, 2020, web map.
The figure must appear in the reference list and include details such as the author/creator, year of creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), publisher/provider/copyright owner, viewed date and URL enclosed in angled brackets (<>).
VicPlan 2020, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083, web map, Victoria State Government, viewed 16 June 2020, <https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/vicplan/>.
Generally, conference papers are published within conference proceedings, either online or in print. In most cases, a conference paper (rather than the conference proceedings) will be used as a reference.
As details will vary for conference papers, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
A conference paper from a webpage will generally be sourced from the conference's website or the website of the organisation hosting the conference.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or a section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
'Focusing on self-leadership skill awareness and development, the unit thus requires that students engage in a critical self-reflection process' (Gudmundsson & Laing 2011, p. 108).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Gudmunsson and Laing (2011) argue that for a successful blended learning environment students need support.
In the reference list:
Gudmundsson, A & Laing, L 2011, ‘Facilitating student self-reflection in a blended learning environment', in ATN Assessment Conference 2011 Proceedings, Curtin University, Perth, 20 – 21 October, pp. 107-16, viewed 5 August 2016, <http://ctl.curtin.edu.au/events/conferences/atna2011/files/ATNA_2011_Proceedings.pdf>.
For conference papers sourced from RMIT University Library databases provide:
Chaudhary, B 2015, ‘Unconventional methods for space debris removal', Space Safety is No Accident The 7th IAASS Conference, Springer International Publishing, SpringerLink eBook database, pp. 49-58.
For conference papers sourced from printed conference proceedings, use the guidelines for a chapter from an edited book.
If the title of the conference proceedings contains the name of the conference, capitalise the name of the conference. For example: Geospatial data in a changing world selected papers of the 19th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science.
Wang, J, Wood, Z & Worboys, M 2016, 'Conflict in pedestrian networks' in T Sarjakoski, MY Santos & LT Sarjakoski (eds), Geospatial data in a changing world selected papers of the 19th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science, Springer, Switzerland, pp. 261-278.
As details will vary for datasets, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.
If available, include a reference point (for example: figure number or table number) in the in-text reference for the dataset. The word figure can be abbreviated to fig.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the material from the dataset in your own words.
Using the daily rainfall dataset ... (Bureau of Meteorology 2016).
In the reference list:
Bureau of Meteorology 2016, High-quality Australian daily rainfall, Australia's climate change datasets, data file, Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, viewed 16 December 2016, <ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/home/ncc/www/change/HQdailyR/>.
Materials from your course may include lecture notes, PowerPoint slides or presentations and credentials.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number, section heading or slide number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
By the end of the course, 'students will be able to read a newspaper article in Italian'... (Sample 2016, Learning outcomes section).
Giving consideration to the 'cultural, economic and social issues of indigenous communities is an important step in the decision making process ... ' (Sample 2017, slide 4).
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
Sample (2016) outlines the topics to be covered this semester.
The rights of indigenous people include ... (Sample 2017).
In the reference list:
Sample, S 2016, 'Introduction to your course', lecture notes, COURSECODE, RMIT University, viewed 18 April 2016, <https://my.rmit.edu.au/portal/myStudies/#/lecturenotes/week1>.
Sample, S 2017, 'Human rights in indigenous communities' PowerPoint slides, COURSECODE, RMIT University, Melbourne.
RMIT Creds 2019, ‘What is academic integrity’, RMIT Micro Credential, Academic Integrity Awareness, RMIT University, viewed 27 April 2020, <https://rmit.instructure.com/courses/61851>.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words from a piece of legislation or a legal case. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).
For a piece of legislation, include the location of the quote using a section or subsection number or a regulation or sub-regulation number. The words section or sections can be abbreviated to s. or ss. The words regulation or regulations can be abbreviated to r. or rr. Use the full words of section(s) or regulation(s) at the start of a sentence.
For a legal case, include the location of the quote using a page number. To specify a page number, use the word 'at' rather than p. For example: Beasley v Francis (2008) 237 CLR 1 at 72-8. If no page number is available, use a paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.
Section 55 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) states that ‘...there is a guarantee that the goods are reasonably fit for any disclosed purpose, and for any purpose for which the supplier represents that they are reasonably fit...'.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas from a piece of legislation or a legal case in your own words.
The Australian Copyright Council initiated a test case against the University of NSW (University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1).
In the reference list:
University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1.
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).
Gupta, BB & Kassapis, S 1997, Water-continuous spread, US Patent 5614245.
You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.
Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment DeclarationOpens in new window
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper.
When paraphrasing, include your family name and year of previous work in brackets. Or, if referring to your family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of previous work in brackets immediately after your family name.
For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this:
Studies indicate that … (Smith 2018).
Smith (2018) noted that …
If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well. If Jane Smith's earlier paper had cited Presley and Johnson, for example, it may look like this:
According to Smith (2018), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (2009) …
Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number from the previous work.
'Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders' (Smith 2018, p. 3).
In the reference list include:
Smith, J 2018, ‘An analysis of personality theory’, Unpublished paper, RMIT University, Melbourne.
A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s).
Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.
Khoo (2013, p. 4) argues that 'the idea of a responsive and form-changing architectural surface challenges the materiality of a physical architecture'.
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.
The research conducted by Khoo (2013) examines ... .
In the reference list:
Khoo, CK 2013, 'Morphing architecture with responsive material systems', PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne, <https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:160591>.
For a thesis sourced from a Library database, add the database name (for example: ProQuest database) rather than the URL address.
Hallaq, TG 2013, 'Evaluating online media literacy in higher education: validity and reliability of the digital online media literacy assessment (DOMLA)', EdD thesis, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, ProQuest database.
In the reference list provide:
Snelling, P 2013, 'Digital craftsmanship: the augmentation and customisation of printed textiles', PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne.
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
APA is an author-date referencing style. You need to follow this style when acknowledging your information sources.
APA style requires that all references in a document are to be cited in-text, and that all in-text citations are compiled in a reference list at the end of the document. In-text citations appear within the body of the document and include details such as author(s) family name, year of publication, and page number(s) (if applicable). The reference list must provide full details of all in-text citations, and be arranged alphabetically by author.
APA referencing examples (DOCX, 135 KB, 22 pages) Opens in new window - MS Word document for downloading or printing
RMIT University Library Referencing Guides for printing Opens in new window - a full list of style guides used at RMIT
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. When paraphrasing, use round brackets to add the author(s) family name and the year of publication, or use the author(s) family name as part of your sentence, followed by the year of publication in round brackets.
Note: When paraphrasing, the citation details can be used at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence.
Brophy (2010) states that student motivation . . .
. . . motivation is evident (Brophy, 2010), and as a result, can contribute significantly to achieving learning goals.
. . . where a number of subjective experiences can inform motivational outcomes (Brophy, 2010).
Note: Citations can also be structured according to whether they give prominence to the author (narrative), or to the information being conveyed (parenthetical).
In his research, Brophy (2010) argues that . . .
. . . findings are based on the qualitative study of behavioural learning (Brophy, 2010).
When paraphrasing, page numbers may also be included as part of the citation, especially if it helps the reader to locate the source of the information in a lengthy document.
Note: Including page numbers when paraphrasing is optional and is NOT a requirement of the APA referencing style.
In order to establish a learning community in the classroom, it is important to motivate students by addressing both individual and collaborative learning goals (Brophy, 2010, pp. 23-24).
Direct quotes are used when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between double quotation marks and add a page number. Do NOT overuse direct quotes.
“Student motivation to learn can be viewed as either a general disposition or a situation-specific state” (Brophy, 2010, p. 12).
If the work you are referencing does NOT contain page numbers, then use paragraph numbers, chapter numbers or section headings as part of the in-text reference.
"As the national peak body for early childhood, ECA is a regular, and trusted, contributor to the public policy debate on all matters affecting young children (birth to eight years) and their families" (Early Childhood Australia, 2016, Advocacy section, para. 1).
If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots (. . .) and another space.
Cannon (2012) argues that "changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas . . . will require coherent change strategies" (p. 165).
Note: Quotes more than 40 words in length need to be in block form – without using quotation marks, begin the quote on a new, indented line, and double-space the entire quote. At the end of the quote, include citation details such as author(s), year and page number(s) in brackets.
The difference between intrinsic motivation and motivation to learn is closely related to the difference between affective and cognitive engagement experiences. Intrinsic motivation refers primarily to affective experience—enjoyment of the processes involved in engaging in an activity. In contrast, motivation to learn is primarily a cognitive experience involving attempts to make sense of the information that an activity conveys, to relate this information to prior knowledge, and to master the skills that the activity develops. (Brophy, 2010, p. 12)
List all citations alphabetically, with a semi-colon to separate them.
There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to health (Applebee, 2006; Cookson, 2007; Sheldon & James, 2004).
A secondary citation is used when you acknowledge the work of an author that you have read about in another author’s work.
For example, if you read an article written by Hosany and Martin and they cite information from another study written by Heath and Scott, you would need to acknowledge Heath and Scott in the text:
Heath and Scott (as cited in Hosany & Martin, 2012) claim that . . .
Early research indicated . . . (Heath & Scott, as cited in Hosany & Martin, 2012).
In the reference list, you need to include the citation information for the Hosany and Martin article as that is where the Heath and Scott information was sourced:
Hosany, S., & Martin, D. (2012). Self-image congruence in consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 685-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.03.015
Information obtained from personal communication does NOT need to be included in the reference list and should only be referenced in-text. Use parenthetical citations in the text only.
Examples of personal communication include:
When citing in-text, include the author first name initial(s) followed by their family name, and a precise date of when the communication took place.
My field placement supervisor commented '. . .' (C. M. Burns, personal communication, July 3, 2015).
The details of . . . were confirmed by email (J. Merrick, personal communication, April 25, 2014).
When citing electronic journal articles, you MUST include a digital object identifier (DOI) if stated. A DOI is a unique identifier that is assigned to individual journal articles, and provides a persistent link to online content.
The recommended DOI format should appear in your reference list as:
https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
If no DOI is assigned, include the journal’s homepage URL instead.
Note: There is no full stop after the URL, and the hyperlink is removed.
References
Baird, J. (2016, November 4). There’s no such thing as ‘just a nurse’. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/why-we-need-to-listen-to-nurses-when-talking-about-health-20161103-gshfq1.html
Destounis, S. V., Arieno, A. L., Morgan, R. C., Cavanaugh, D., Seifert, P. J., Murphy, P. F., & Somerville, P. A. (2014). Comparison of breast cancers diagnosed in screening patients in their 40s with and without family history of breast cancer in a community outpatient facility. American Journal of Roentgenology, 202(4), 928-932. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.13.11194
Early Childhood Australia. (2016). Early Childhood Australia’s advocacy: Advocacy goals. http://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-work/early-childhood-australias-advocacy/
Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s. 115.1. http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/
Primal Pictures. (2014, September 19). Primal’s 3D atlas of human anatomy [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/g-BtsX3bGvs
Schirm, V. (2013). Quality of life. In I. M. Lubkin & P. D. Larsen (Eds.), Chronic illness: Impact and interventions (8th ed., pp. 183-206). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Sullivan, E. J. (2013). Becoming influential: A guide for nurses (2nd ed.). Pearson.
Wang, H. (2015). Protein degradation pathways in hepatic ER stress and insulin resistance. [Doctoral dissertation, RMIT University]. RMIT Research Repository. http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161444
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
Studies indicate that . . . (Sullivan, 2013).
Sullivan (2013) states that . . .
If multiple narrative citations are repeated within the same paragraph, the year of publication can be omitted.
Sullivan also found that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
"Challenging the power structure of institutions, organizations, or bureaucracies requires commitment and fortitude" (Sullivan, 2013, p. 103).
Sullivan (2013) notes that "challenging the power structure of institutions, organizations, or bureaucracies requires commitment and fortitude" (p. 103).
Sullivan, E. J. (2013). Becoming influential: A guide for nurses (2nd ed.). Pearson.
When paraphrasing, use the ampersand symbol & between author family names only when they appear in brackets. Otherwise, just use and to separate author names in the body of the text.
. . . and is vital in order to encode memories (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016).
Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo (2016) identify . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
"The central executive functions as an attention-controlling mechanism within working memory" (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016, p. 281).
List both authors, and separate the names with an ampersand symbol &.
Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2016). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications and integration. Cengage Learning.
Use only the first listed author family name followed by et al. and year of publication.
. . . independent variables are controlled by the selector (Kraemer et al., 2016).
Kraemer et al. (2016) posit that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
"Circadian response patterns can be sensitive to light and dark cycles, sleep patterns, and seasonal changes" (Kraemer et al., 2016, p. 214).
List all authors, placing an ampersand symbol & before the last name.
Kraemer, W. J., Fleck, S. J., & Deschenes, M. R. (2016). Exercise physiology: Integrating theory and application (2nd ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Include the edition number followed by the abbreviation ed. in brackets after the book title. If the book is a first edition, or no edition is stated, do NOT include the edition number.
Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2013). Abnormal child psychology (5th ed.). Wadsworth.
An edited book will generally be comprised of chapters written by several different authors. When citing in-text, you will need to attribute the authors of the particular chapter you are referencing, NOT the editors of the entire work.
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
Quality of life is defined as . . . (Schirm, 2013).
Schirm (2013) defines quality of life as . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
"Quality of life assessments provide a way to evaluate the impact of chronic illness on clients and their families" (Schirm, 2013, p. 183).
Schirm (2013) comments that "quality of life assessments provide a way to evaluate the impact of chronic illness on clients and their families" (p. 183).
Author(s) of the chapter, year of publication, and title of the chapter precede the details about the book editors and title of book.
Following the word In is the editor(s) initials then family names.
Enclose in brackets the edition number (if applicable).
Enclose in brackets the page numbers of the chapter directly after the title.
Schirm, V. (2013). Quality of life. In I. M. Lubkin & P. D. Larsen (Eds.), Chronic illness: Impact and interventions (8th ed., pp. 183-206). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
If the book is an authored (NOT edited) work, then reference it as a whole work, NOT by the book chapter.
When citing an e-book in-text, follow the same rules for citing a book in-text.
According to Watkins (2017), angular motion occurs when . . .
. . . which impacts the axis of rotation (Watkins, 2017).
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the e-book.
"Most whole body human movements are combinations of linear and angular motion" (Watkins, 2017, p. 6).
Follow the same rules for citing a book, but provide a DOI or URL if stated.
Watkins, J. (2017). Laboratory and field exercises in sport and exercise biomechanics. Routledge. https//doi.org/10.4324/9781315306315
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name, year(s) of publication in brackets (include both the original year of publication, if applicable, as well as the year of publication from the source). Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year(s) of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
The study of the first stage reveals . . . (Piaget, 1929/2007).
Piaget (1929/2007) states that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
"The third stage on the contrary is characterised by this discovery that names are in ourselves and come from within us" (Piaget, 1929/2007, p. 77).
Include the translator(s) after the title and add the date of original publication in brackets (if applicable) after the publication details.
Piaget, J. (2007). The child's conception of the world (J. Tomlinson & A. Tomlinson, Trans.). Rowman & Littlefield. (Original work published 1929)
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
Recent studies indicate that . . . (Musiek, 2017).
Musiek (2017) concludes that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Musiek (2017) notes that "if sleep nuclei are damaged, a robust circadian clock may still not trigger sleep" (p. 89).
When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the Journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
Musiek, E. S. (2017). Circadian rhythms in AD pathogenesis: A critical appraisal. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 3(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-017-0072-5
The ampersand symbol & is used between the author family names only when they appear in brackets.
. . . identifies skills intrinsic to current nursing practitioners (Felton & Royal, 2015).
Felton and Royal (2015) argue that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
According to Felton and Royal (2015) "supporting the development of practitioners' skills within preregistration nursing education is complex" (p. 38).
List both authors, and separate the names with an ampersand symbol &.
When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the Journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
Felton, A., & Royal, J. (2015). Skills for nursing practice: Development of clinical skills in pre-registration nurse education. Nurse Education in Practice, 15(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.11.009
Cite the first family name listed followed by et al.
. . . outlining the thought processes (Demacheva et al., 2012).
Demacheva et al. (2012) note that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
"Our findings suggest that decoupling the when and the where attention modules may play an important role in creating magic effects" (Demacheva et al., 2012, p. 547).
List all authors (up to 20), placing an ampersand symbol & before the last name.
When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the Journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).
Demacheva, I., Ladouceur, M., Steinberg, E., Pogossova, G., & Raz, A. (2012). The applied cognitive psychology of attention: A step closer to understanding magic tricks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 541-549. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2825
Use only the first listed family name followed by et al. and year of publication.
Kalnay et al. (1996) comment . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
"As a result, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis system has many novel features not yet present in operational or research numerical weather forecasting systems" (Kalnay et al., 1996, p. 439).
List the first 19 authors followed by three ellipsis points (. . .) then the last author.
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-472. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
When paraphrasing, include the author family name(s) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
Recent studies indicate that . . . (Walker & Buchbinder, 1997).
Walker and Buchbinder (1997) contend that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.
Walker and Buchbinder (1997) noted that "analysis of the determinants of frequency of use of the various diagnostic methods revealed that motion palpation was more commonly employed by younger chiropractors" (Discussion section, para. 6).
If citing a journal article without a DOI, include the volume, issue number (if available), and page number(s).
Walker, B., & Buchbinder, R. (1997). Most commonly used methods of detecting spinal subluxation and the preferred term for its description: A survey of chiropractors in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 20(9), 583-589.
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
The results of the study indicate . . . (Evans, 2015).
Evans (2015) states that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Evans (2015) notes that "aspirin's miracle properties revolve around its ability to stop blood platelets clumping together, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes" (p. 11).
Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
Include the day, month and year, as well as the exact URL of the article.
Evans, K. (2015, January 5). Aspirin study raises hopes for dementia prevention. The Age. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1641732086?accountid=13552
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
The debate around health reform involves . . . (Baird, 2016).
Baird (2016) states that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Baird (2016) points out that "recent studies have found much of our nursing population is approaching retirement – and quite alarmingly burnt out – at precisely the time the nursing needs of a broader ageing population is increasing" (para. 8).
Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
Include the day, month and year of the article, as well as the URL.
Baird, J. (2016, November 4). There’s no such thing as ‘just a nurse’. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/why-we-need-to-listen-to-nurses-when-talking-about-health-20161103-gshfq1.html
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
Official survey results indicate . . . (Parnell, 2016).
Parnell (2016) states that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
"The latest Medicare figures, also released yesterday, show the proportion of non-referred GP services, excluding practice nurses, bulk-billed in the last quarter was 85.4 per cent" (Parnell, 2016, p. 1).
Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.
Include the day, month and year of the article.
If the article is spread across discontinuous pages, provide all page numbers separated by a comma e.g. 2, 4, 8-9.
Parnell, S. (2016, November 16). Medicare freeze no check on GP visits. The Australian, 1, 5.
Note: The APA referencing style does NOT cover Australian legal material. The citation details below are based on the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) referencing style examples.
Include the title of the legislation and the year in italics if referring to an Act in the body of the text. Otherwise, place the year and section number s. (if applicable) in brackets.
It is necessary to also state the jurisdiction of the legislation, either in the body of the text, or enclosed in brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, (Vic) for Victoria, (UK) for United Kingdom etc.
Note: Include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. The jurisdiction can be dropped with subsequent citations.
According to the Victorian Mental Health Act (2014, s. 29) . . .
Victoria’s Mental Health Act (2014, s. 29) states that . . .
By virtue of s. 130.1 of the Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Act, year, jurisdiction and section number(s) (if applicable).
"A person receiving mental health services in a designated mental health service may be kept in seclusion if seclusion is necessary to prevent imminent and serious harm to the person or to another person" (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic), s. 110).
The title of the legislation and year are to be italicised.
Include the jurisdiction of the legislation in brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, or the State abbreviation.
If a specific section of the legislation is used, this can be highlighted by using an s. for section.
If the legislation is obtained from an electronic source, add a retrieval statement to the reference.
Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s. 115.1. http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/
Note: The APA referencing style does NOT cover Australian legal material. The citation details below are based on the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) referencing style examples.
When citing a Case in-text, it is necessary to include the title of the case in italics followed by the year in brackets. Alternatively, it is also acceptable to include all case details enclosed in brackets; italicise only the case title, followed by the year.
Note: Include the year with the first citation. The year can be dropped in subsequent citations.
According to the case of Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) . . .
. . . (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011).
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the case, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number.
"The Tribunal lacks the jurisdiction to consider the decisions made by the Secretary in relation to the drug Clozapine" (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011, Held section, para. 5).
For court decisions the elements to include are: title of the case in italics, year in brackets, volume number, reporter abbreviation, and starting page number.
If a case is obtained from an electronic database, add a retrieval statement.
Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) 56 AAR 227. http://www.westlaw.com.au/maf/wlau/app/document?docguid=I49472f517b6911e18eefa443f89988a0
When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/organisation name and year of publication in brackets.
Organisational values are defined by . . . (Early Childhood Australia, 2016).
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference if quoting from a website that is NOT a PDF document.
"As the national peak body for early childhood, ECA is a regular, and trusted, contributor to the public policy debate on all matters affecting young children (birth to eight years) and their families" (Early Childhood Australia, 2016, Advocacy section, para. 1).
If citing information taken directly from a webpage include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year in brackets, webpage title in italics, website name and URL.
If no year is stated then use n.d. for no date.
Early Childhood Australia. (2016). Early Childhood Australia’s advocacy: Advocacy goals. http://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-work/early-childhood-australias-advocacy/
When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/organisation name and year of publication in brackets.
Preventative measures are determined by . . . (World Health Organization, 2016).
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document.
If the document does NOT contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.
"Re-using syringes to access multi-dose medication vials/containers that are used for multiple patients can also lead to the spread of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens" (World Health Organization, 2016, p. 16).
If citing information taken directly from a webpage document include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year in brackets, title of document in italics and retrieval statement in the form of a URL.
If no year is stated then use n.d. for no date.
World Health Organization. (2016). WHO guideline on the use of safety-engineered syringes for intramuscular, intradermal and subcutaneous injections in health-care settings. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250144/1/9789241549820-eng.pdf
When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/organisation name and year of the Facebook post in brackets.
Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (2020) states that workplace mental health hazards are responsible for . . .
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the author and year.
"A mental hazard at work can be poor support to workers" (Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation, 2019).
If citing information taken directly from a Facebook post include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year, month and day in brackets, include the first 20 words of the post as the title in italics, if the post contains an image or video include it in square brackets, describe the form type in square brackets e.g. [Status update], include Facebook as the source and provide a URL to the post.
Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation. (2020, November 28). Workplace mental health hazards injure thousands of workers each year, just like physical hazards but they often fly under the [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/AustralianNursingandMidwiferyFederation/photos/a.136188899856341/1935273223281224/
When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/organisation name and year of tweet in brackets.
Barack Obama (2016) tweeted his concerns over the Supreme Court vacancy.
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the author and year.
In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, Barack Obama (2016) tweeted that "it's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy."
If citing information taken directly from a tweet include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the Twitter handle in square brackets, include the year, month and day in brackets, followed by the first 20 words of the tweet as the title and hashtag(s) in italics, if the post contains an image or video include it in square brackets, describe the form type in square brackets e.g. [Tweet], include Twitter as the source and provide a URL to the tweet.
Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2016, May 18). It's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy #DoYourJob [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/732589315478290432
APA includes the following within the definition of images and figures:
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout include figure number, brief title and notes
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 1 . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013).
Figure 1 illustrates . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013).
The data shows . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013, Figure 1).
A figure from a book/journal article will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 1) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).
Below the figure, include a note that has a brief but descriptive phrase, as well as:
Figure 1
Dose Distributions for a Left-Breast Tumor
Note. Dose distributions for a left-breast tumor (a, b) at the level of surgical bed defined by titanium clips (arrows) and the corresponding DVH (c, d) for supine (left) and prone (right) positions. From “Pilot Study of Feasibility and Dosimetric Comparison of Prone Versus Supine Breast Radiotherapy,” by E. Fernandez-Lizarbe, A. Montero, A. Polo, R. Hernanz, R. Moris, S. Formenti, and A. Ramos, 2013, Clinical and Translational Oncology, 15, p. 453 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-012-0950-8). Copyright 2013 by Springer International Publishing.
The figure must appear in the reference list, and the citation is formatted in correct APA style of the original source.
Fernandez-Lizarbe, E., Montero, A., Polo, A., Hernanz, R., Moris, R., Formenti, S., & Ramos, A. (2013). Pilot study of feasibility and dosimetric comparison of prone versus supine breast radiotherapy. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 15, 450-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-012-0950-8
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout include figure number, brief title and notes
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 2 . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016).
Figure 2 illustrates . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016).
The diagram shows . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016, Figure 2).
A figure from a webpage will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 2) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).
Below the figure, include a note that has a brief but descriptive phrase, as well as:
Figure 2
Anatomy of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Note. Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. From "Parathyroid cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – Patient Version," by National Cancer Institute, 2016, (https://www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/patient/parathyroid-treatment-pdq). Copyright 2012 by Terese Winslow LLC. Reprinted with permission.
Acknowledgement for the use of the image in this guide: For the National Cancer Institute © 2012 Terese Winslow LLC, U.S. Govt. has certain rights.
The figure must appear in the reference list, and the citation is formatted in correct APA style of the original source.
National Cancer Institute. (2016). Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. https://www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/patient/parathyroid-treatment-pdq
For the National Cancer Institute © 2012 Terese Winslow LLC, U.S. Govt. has certain rights
License Granted: Terese Winslow LLC hereby grants limited, non-exclusive worldwide print and electronic rights only for use in the work specified. Terese Winslow LLC grants such rights “AS IS” without representation or warranty of any kind and shall have no liability in connection with such license.
Restrictions: Reproduction for use in any other work or derivative works is prohibited. Ownership of original artwork, copyright, and all rights not specifically transferred herein remain the exclusive property of Terese Winslow LLC. Additional license(s) are required for ancillary usage(s).
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout include figure number, brief title and notes
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 3 . . . (Ross, 2017).
Figure 3 illustrates . . . (Ross, 2017).
The diagram shows . . . (Ross, 2017, Figure 3).
A figure from a library database will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 3) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).
Below the figure, include a note that has a brief but descriptive phrase, as well as:
Figure 3
Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation
Note. Graphic of large recurrent disc herniation shows displacement of the nuclear material through a large defect in the posterior annular fibers with effacement of the ventral thecal sac and displacement of the intrathecal nerve roots. From "Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation," by J. S. Ross, 2017, Imaging Reference Center (https://app.imagingreferencecenter.com). Copyright 2017 by J. S. Ross.
The figure must appear in the reference list, and the citation is formatted in correct APA style of the original source.
Ross, J. S. (2017). Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Imaging Reference Center. https://app.imagingreferencecenter.com
When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the figure layout include figure number, brief title and notes
Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as “the Figure above/below”, or “the Figure on page 17”.
As shown in Figure 4 . . . (West, 2012).
Figure 4 illustrates . . . (West, 2012).
The diagram shows . . . (West, 2012, Figure 4).
A figure from a creative commons source will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 4) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).
Below the figure, include a note that has a brief but descriptive phrase, as well as:
Figure 4
MRI
Note. A magnetic resonance imaging machine. From "MRI," by L. West, 2012, (https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/7694882446). Copyright 2012 by L. West. CC BY 2.0.
The figure must appear in the reference list, and the citation is formatted in correct APA style of the original source.
West, L. (2012). MRI. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/7694882446
"MRI" Opens in new window by Liz West Opens in new window can be reused under the CC BY 2.0 license. Opens in new window
The information and examples below outline how to reference a table where the information in the table has been derived from another source or sources.
Note: If a table that you create in your written work is entirely your own and does not include information from other sources, you should include a table number (in bold) and a brief title (italicised).
Note: If you are copying an entire table from another source without altering the layout or combining its data from other sources, you should then reference it as per the other examples in the Images section e.g. book/journal article, webpage etc.
When citing tables in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and
2. in the table layout include table number, brief title and notes
Refer to the table by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the table as “the Table above/below”, or “the Table on page 17”.
As shown in Table 5 . . .
Table 5 illustrates . . .
The data shows . . . (Table 5).
Table caption
A table that cites other sources will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the table: label of table in bold (e.g. Table 5) followed by the title of the table (in italics).
Names of studies included within table
If the information in the table includes references to relevant sources, then notes below the table are not required (this is commonly the case with summary tables of previous studies).
Table 5
Summary of studies about gait rehabilitation after stroke
Study | Heading 1 | Heading 2 | Heading 3 |
Bonini-Rocha et al., 2018 | cell content | cell content | cell content |
Bortole et al., 2015 | cell content | cell content | cell content |
Kal et al., 2018 | cell content | cell content | cell content |
Liu, 2018 | cell content | cell content | cell content |
Superscript letters representing sources used
Table 6
Summary of studies about gait rehabilitation after stroke
Heading 1 | Heading 2 | Heading 3 |
cell content | cell contenta | cell content |
cell content | "cell content"b | cell contentd |
cell content | cell content | cell contenta |
cell content | cell contentc | cell contentc |
Note. aKal et al. (2018). bBonini-Rocha et al. (2018, p. 402). cLiu (2018). dBortole et al. (2015).
All reference list entries should appear as per the convention of the source being referenced. Please refer to the relevant section(s) within Easy Cite.
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets.
If there are three or more authors list the first family name followed by et al.
It is suggested that . . . (Katashev et al., 2015).
Katashev et al. (2015) state that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the conference proceedings.
"For the data acquisition, patients were asked to perform 3 deep breath cycles with hands placed on the back of their heads" (Katashev et al., 2015, pp. 63-64).
For proceedings sourced from a print book or e-book, use the same format for a book or book chapter e.g. author(s), year of publication, title of conference paper, editor(s), title of book in italics, page number(s) in brackets, publisher and DOI.
Katashev, A., Romberg, K., Danielsson, A., & Saraste, H. (2015). Application of 3D scanner for estimation of chest movement in scoliotic patients. In H. Mindedal & M. Persson (Eds.). 16th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering: 16 NBC & 10. MTD 2014 joint conferences (pp. 63-66). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12967-9
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
The characteristics of insulin deficiency are . . . (Wang, 2015).
Wang (2015) argues that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the thesis.
"Both ectopic lipids and ER stress have been suggested to be responsible for the inhibition of insulin signalling" (Wang, 2015, p. 129).
For a thesis sourced from an institutional repository, use the following format: author, year of publication in brackets, title in italics, identify the type of work and institution in square brackets e.g. [Doctoral dissertation, RMIT University] or [Master's thesis, RMIT University], repository/archive/database name and include a retrieval statement in the form of a URL.
Wang, H. (2015). Protein degradation pathways in hepatic ER stress and insulin resistance [Doctoral dissertation, RMIT University]. RMIT Research Repository. http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161444
For a thesis sourced from a library database include the following information: author, year of publication in brackets, title in italics, accession or order number in brackets, type of work and institution in square brackets, and the name of the database.
Sutherland, A. M. (2016). Technology for single cell protein analysis in immunology and cancer prognostics (Order No. 3738948) [Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Technology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
When paraphrasing, include the organisation name (in this instance, Standards Australia) and year of publication in brackets.
Needle tip evaluation methods are determined by . . . (Standards Australia, 2014).
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the Standard.
"Sterile acupuncture needles for single use shall be sterilized through a validated sterilization process in order to ensure that the products are sterile" (Standards Australia, 2014, p. 9).
Provide the title in italics, the standard number in brackets and a URL.
Standards Australia. (2014). Sterile acupuncture needles for single use (AS ISO Standard No. 17218:2014). https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-us/Standards/AS-ISO-17218-2014-111547_SAIG_AS_AS_233329/
If referencing a PowerPoint presentation that has been published and sourced online (e.g. SlideShare) then it must be cited both in-text, and in the reference list.
To reference a PowerPoint presentation that was taken from a university learning management system (e.g. Canvas), refer to the Other sources > Course materials section.
When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).
Chiropractic improves . . . (Haavik, 2014).
Haavik (2014) states that . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the slide number(s) from the slide.
Use s. to denote slide number. If there is no assigned slide number then count the number of slides from the beginning.
"Spinal function impacts integration of sensory information" (Haavik, 2014, s. 85).
Haavik (2014) notes that "spinal function impacts integration of sensory information" (s. 85).
The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year of publication, title of the slide presentation in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [PowerPoint slides], Publisher name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL.
Haavik, H. (2014). How to confidently communicate the science of chiropractic [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/heidihaavik/how-to-confidently-communicate-the-science-of-chiropractic
Only include a full reference to lecture notes or class materials that are behind a login screen (such as Canvas) if you are writing for an audience that will be able to retrieve them. Otherwise, cite it as a personal communication.
Examples of course materials are:
When citing in-text, include the author family name and year.
Lee's (2017) lecture outlined the differences between . . .
The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year, month and day of lecture, title of the lecture in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [Lecture recording], LMS@Publisher name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (use the login page).
Lee, M. (2017, May 10). Maslow's hierarchy [Lecture recording]. Canvas@RMIT University. https://rmit.instructure.com
When citing in-text, be sure to include the author family name and year
The topic of postural assessment was examined and found that . . . (Draper, 2017).
The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year of publication, title of the slide presentation in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [PowerPoint slides], LMS@Publisher name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (use the login page).
Draper, B. (2017). Postural assessment [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@RMIT University. https://rmit.instructure.com
When citing in-text, be sure to include the author family name and year.
Mouradov (2017) explains the process of plasmid transferral is . . .
The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year of publication, title of the practical/laboratory manual in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [Practical manual], LMS@Publisher name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (use the login page).
Mouradov, A. (2017). ONPS1052 gene technologies 1 - practical class [Practical manual]. Canvas@RMIT University. https://rmit.instructure.com
When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/government department name and year of publication in brackets.
Public hospital expenditure increased dramatically . . . (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016).
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document.
If the document does NOT contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.
"For private hospitals, the recurrent expenditure data provided for 2014–15 are considered comparable with the data provided for 2010–11 to 2013–14" (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016, p. 47).
Include the author(s) if stated; otherwise add the company, organisation or government department, followed by the year of publication in brackets.
As the document is a report, the title is italicised and, if there is a report number, place it in brackets immediately after the title. If the report has been sourced online make sure to include the retrieval statement.
Only identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement if the publisher has NOT been identified as the author.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). Hospital resources 2014–15: Australian hospital statistics (Health services series No. 71, Cat. No. HSE 176). http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129556122
You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.
Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration. Opens in new window
The Publication manual of the American Psychological Association does not provide information on how to cite your own work. The following is based on how to cite dissertations and theses.
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper.
When paraphrasing, include your family name and year of previous work in brackets. Or, if referring to your family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of previous work in brackets immediately after your family name.
For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this:
Studies indicate that . . . (Smith, 2018).
Smith (2018) noted that . . .
If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well. If Jane Smith's earlier paper had cited Presley and Johnson, for example, it may look like this:
According to Smith (2018), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (2009) . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number from the previous work.
"Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders" (Smith, 2018, p. 3).
In the Reference list include:
Smith, J. (2018). An analysis of personality theory [Unpublished paper]. RMIT University.
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
Download the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) 4th ed, 2018 Opens in new window
See also the RMIT University Library - Legal Research Methods Opens in new window - Referencing Library Subject Guide
The AGLC4 style consists of:
In-text example
Recent developments in Australian law following the decision of the High Court in IceTV Pty Ltd v Network Nine Australia Pty Ltd illustrate a fundamental shift in the approach of courts regarding the importance and form of authorship.1
Footnote example
1 IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd [2009] HCA 14.
A pinpoint reference within a footnote directs the reader to a particular place in the cited work:
See section 3.1.4 of the AGLC4 Opens in new window for a full list of abbreviations used in pinpoint references for legislative materials.
When a source is cited more than once in a paper the full bibliographic details should only be provided in the first instance.
The terms 'Ibid' and 'n' are used for repeat citations of the same work. In some circumstances, 'above (n)' or 'below (n)' are used to direct the reader to a specific part or reference within a text.
Using 'Ibid'
Use 'Ibid' in a footnote where the immediately preceding footnote refers to the same work. The exception to this rule is if a footnote lists more than one source (in this case use 'n').
If a footnote refers to the same work and to the same pinpoint reference, simply use 'Ibid'. The pinpoint reference does not need to be repeated in this case.
If a footnote refers to the same work but to a different pinpoint reference, use 'Ibid' followed by the pinpoint reference.
1 IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd [2009] HCA 14.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid HCA 15-16.
Using 'n'
Use ‘n’ to refer to a source that has been cited in a previous footnote other than the immediately preceding one.
If citing a source that has already been referred to then a shortened form of the citation should be provided (e.g. shortened author name or title), along with the footnote number (n) in parentheses. Also include the pinpoint if different from the first citation.
1 IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd [2009] HCA 14.
...
4 IceTV (n 1) HCA 17.
Note: If referring to a specific part/s or reference/s within a text then use 'above (n)' or 'below (n)' where appropriate. See AGLC section 1.4.2 for further details.
5 See above n 1 and accompanying text.
6 See below n 7 Part II(A).
If a bibliography is required list all works referred to both in footnotes and in the body of your assignment, as well as all works consulted in writing your assignment.
The bibliography is divided into sections as outlined in AGLC 1.13:
A. Articles/Books/Reports
B. Cases
C. Legislation
D. Treaties
E. Other
Note: Organise items alphabetically under each heading.
Note that details provided in the bibliography are almost identical to details provided in the footnotes, with the following exceptions:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A Articles/Books
Bodkin, Colin, Patent Law in Australia (Thomson Reuters, 2nd ed, 2014)
Meagher, Dan, ‘Digital Sampling/Remix Culture Forum’ (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review 307
B Cases
Roadshow Films Pty Limited v iiNet Limited [2012] HCA 16; (2012) 248 CLR 42
Walton v Gardiner (1993) 112 ALR 289
C Legislation
Copyright Act 1968 (Cth)
Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic)
D Other
Board of Examiners, Admission Requirements (18 February 2010) Council of Legal Information <http://www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au>
Refer to Swinburne University video clips:
Note: These videos are intended as guides only (they demonstrate the AGLC3 referencing style, which has now been superseded by AGLC4).
| Case name | Year | Volume | Report series | Starting page |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Village Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd |
(2012) |
286 |
ALR |
466 |
| Type | Footnote example |
|---|---|
Individual party names |
|
Company party names |
|
The Crown as the first party |
|
The Crown as respondent |
|
| Type | Bibliography example |
|---|---|
Individual party names |
|
Company party names |
|
The Crown as the first party |
|
The Crown as respondent |
|
A pinpoint reference is a reference to a specific page, paragraph or other section of a decision:
1 Village Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 286 ALR 466, 3.
1 Village Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 286 ALR 466, 488 [95].
| Case name | [Year] | Court | Judgement no. | Full date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Rowland v Alfred Health |
[2014] |
FCA |
2 |
(15 January 2014) |
| Type | Footnote example |
|---|---|
Individual party names |
|
Company party names |
|
The Crown as the first party |
|
The Crown as respondent |
|
| Type | Bibliography example |
|---|---|
Individual party names |
|
Company party names |
|
The Crown as the first party |
|
The Crown as respondent |
|
A pinpoint reference is a reference to a specific page, paragraph or other section of a decision:
1 Stanford v Stanford [2012] HCA 52 (15 November 2012) 22.
1 Stanford v Stanford [2012] HCA 52 (15 November 2012) [12].
An ‘in text’ reference usually cites the case, text or reference in the body of an essay or report.
A footnote should immediately follow the portion of text which it is relevant to
It should also follow directly after any relevant punctuation (i.e. a full stop or comma)
A full stop should appear at the end of all footnotes citing case law.
“Recent developments in Australian law following the decision of the High Court in IceTV Pty Ltd v Network Nine Australia Pty Ltd (IceTV)1 illustrate a fundamental shift in the approach of courts regarding the importance and form of authorship.”
A pinpoint reference is a reference to a specific page, paragraph or other section of a decision
A pinpoint reference to a page should appear as a number – do not use ‘p’ or ‘pg’
A pinpoint reference to a paragraph should appear as a number in square brackets.
Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd and Others v Sharman License Holdings Ltd and Others (2005) 220 ALR 1, 3.
Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd, (2012) 286 ALR 466, 488 [95]
| Title | Year | Jurisdiction | Pinpoint |
|---|---|---|---|
Copyright Act |
1968 |
(Cth) |
s 1 |
1 Climate Change Act 2010 (Vic).
Climate Change Act 2010 (Vic)
Climate Change Act 2010 (Vic) pt 3 div 2 s 16
These rules apply when referencing both printed books and e-books.
| Author | Title | Publication details | Pinpoint |
|---|---|---|---|
Mathew Rimmer, |
Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions |
(Edward Elgar, 2008) |
120-123 |
The name of the author should appear exactly as it does in the source.
If the publication is authored by a body (government department, corporation etc.) use that as the author.
The title of the book should appear in italics as it does on the title page.
A brief version of the publisher’s name should appear in parenthesis followed by publication year.
Where there are multiple editions of a book an edition number should be included after the publisher’s name (i.e. 3rd).
1 Mathew Rimmer, Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions (Edward Elgar, 2008).
1 Mathew Rimmer, Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions (Edward Elgar, 2008) 120-123.
When the citation appears in a bibliography, list the family name first. Sources should be listed in alphabetical order by family name.
Rimmer, Mathew, Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions (Edward Elgar, 2008)
Colin Bodkin, Patent Law in Australia (Thomson Reuters, 2nd ed, 2014)
Australian Law Reform Commission, Family Violence: a Legal Response: Summary Report (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2010)
These rules apply when referencing both printed books and e-books.
| Author | Title | Publication details |
|---|---|---|
Geoffrey A. Manne and Joshua D Wright, |
Competition Policy and Patent Law under Uncertainty Regulating Innovation |
(Cambridge University Press, 2011) |
Where there are two or three authors, the names of all authors should be included and the word 'and' should separate the names of the last two authors.
If there are more than three authors, list the first named author followed by 'et al'.
1 Belinda Bennett (ed), Globalization and Health (Springer, 2008).
1 Damien J Cremean, Michael H Whitten and Michael F. Sharkey, Brooking on building contracts: the law and practice relating to building and engineering agreements (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2014).
1 Patrick Thomas George et al, Social Media and the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2010).
1 Belinda Bennett (ed), Globalization and Health (Springer, 2008) 21.
When the citation appears in a bibliography, list the family name first. Sources should be listed in alphabetical order by family name.
Bennett, Belinda (ed), Globalization and Health (Springer, 2008)
These rules apply when referencing both printed books and e-books.
| Author | Chapter title | in Author | Title | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
William Gough, |
'Securities over Debts' |
in Gregory Burton (ed), |
Directions in Finance Law |
(Butterworths, 1990) |
When citing chapters in a book list the author and enclose the title of the chapter in single inverted commas - do not italicise the title.
Details of the book follow the same conventions for books with a single or multiple authors.
1 William Gough, 'Securities over Debts' in Gregory Burton (ed), Directions in Finance Law (Butterworths, 1990).
1 William Gough, 'Securities over Debts' in Gregory Burton (ed), Directions in Finance Law (Butterworths, 1990) 223.
When the citation appears in a bibliography, list the family name first. Sources should be listed in alphabetical order by family name.
Gough, William, 'Securities over Debts' in Gregory Burton (ed), Directions in Finance Law (Butterworths, 1990)
| Publisher | Title | Date | Title no. and name | Chapter no. and name | Paragraph |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LexisNexis, |
Halsbury's Laws of Australia |
(at 1 June 2011) |
90 Constitutional Law, |
'6 Limitations on Legislative Powers' |
[90-2226] |
1 LexisNexis, Halsbury's Laws of Australia (at 1 June 2011) 90 Constitutional Law, '6 Limitations on Legislative Powers' [90-2226].
LexisNexis, Halsbury's Laws of Australia (at 1 June 2011) 90 Constitutional Law, '6 Limitations on Legislative Powers'
Many books appear in both printed and online versions.
If this is the case, then use the same conventions for citing a printed text.
Use these conventions even if you sourced the book online.
| Author | Title | Year | Vol. & Issue | Journal | Page |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dan Meagher, |
'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture Forum' |
(2012) |
17 (2) |
Deakin Law Review |
307 |
The name of the author appears first.
The title appears within single quotation marks (un-italicised).
The year appears in parentheses '( )'.
For journals organised by volume number, the volume number should follow the year.
The full title of the journal as it appears on the title page should appear in italics.
The number of the first page of an article should follow the title of the journal. No punctuation should separate the starting page from the title.
Do not use abbreviations for titles (use 'Australian Law Review' not ALR).
Articles from electronic journals should only be cited where a printed edition does not exist.
1 Dan Meagher, 'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture' (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review, 307.
1 Dan Meagher, 'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture' (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review 307, 22.
Meagher, Dan, 'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture' (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review 307
| Two authors | Title | Year | Vol. & Issue | Journal | Page |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samantha Joseph and Erin Mackay, |
'Moral Rights and Indigenous Communities' |
2006 |
3 |
Art and Law, |
6 |
When citing the names of the authors, they should appear in the exact order as they are listed in the source material.
Where there are two or three authors, the names of all authors should be included and the word 'and' should separate the names of the last two authors.
Where there are more than three authors, the family name of the author appearing first on the source should be included, followed by 'et al'.
The title appears within single quotation marks (un-italicised).
The full title of the journal should appear as it does on the title page in italics.
1 Benjamin Hayward, John Morss and Oscar Roos, 'Beyond the Separation of Powers: Judicial Review and the Regulatory Proscription of Terrorist Organisations' (2010) 35 (1) University of Western Australia Law Review, 81.
1 Benjamin Hayward, John Morss and Oscar Roos, 'Beyond the Separation of Powers: Judicial Review and the Regulatory Proscription of Terrorist Organisations' (2010) 35 (1) University of Western Australia Law Review 81, 83.
Hayward, Benjamin, Morss, John and Roos, Oscar, 'Beyond the Separation of Powers: Judicial Review and the Regulatory Proscription of Terrorist Organisations' (2010) 35 (1) University of Western Australia Law Review 81
1 Gary Edmond et al, 'Law’s Looking Glass: Expert Identification Evidence Derived from Photographic and Video Images' (2009) 20 Current issues in Criminal Justice, 337.
1 Gary Edmond et al, 'Law’s Looking Glass: Expert Identification Evidence Derived from Photographic and Video Images' (2009) 20 Current issues in Criminal Justice, 337, 338.
Edmond, Gary et al, 'Law’s Looking Glass: Expert Identification Evidence Derived from Photographic and Video Images' (2009) 20 Current issues in Criminal Justice 337
| Author | Title | Newspaper | (Place) | Date | Pinpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laura Tingle |
'Norway fund ponders dumping coal', |
The Australian Financial Review, |
(Sydney) |
24 February 2015, |
8 |
The title of the article should appear un-italicised within single quotation marks.
The title of the newspaper should be italicised.
The place of publication is in parentheses '( )'.
The full date is noted.
1 Laura Tingle, 'Norway fund ponders dumping coal', The Australian Financial Review, (Sydney), 24 February 2015.
1 Laura Tingle, 'Norway fund ponders dumping coal', The Australian Financial Review, (Sydney), 24 February 2015, 8.
Tingle, Laura, 'Norway fund ponders dumping coal', The Australian Financial Review, (Sydney), 24 February 2015
| Author | Document title | Full date | Website name | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Board of Examiners, |
Admission Requirements |
(18 February 2010) |
Council of Legal Information |
<http://lawadmissions.vic.gov.au> |
1 Board of Examiners, Admission Requirements (18 February 2010) Council of Legal Information <http://www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au>
Board of Examiners, Admission Requirements (18 February 2010) Council of Legal Information <http://www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au>
| Title | (Directed by Name, Production Company, Year) | Pinpoint |
|---|---|---|
A Few Good Men |
(Directed by Rob Reiner, Castle Rock Entertainment, 1992) |
1:15:25 |
The same convention applies for both film and sound recordings.
List the title first in italics.
Enclose the name of the director, production company and year of the recording in parentheses '( )'.
Pinpoint references should be at the point of time of the recording, and appear in the following format - hours: minutes: seconds.
Footnote example
1 A Few Good Men (Directed by Rob Reiner, Castle Rock Entertainment, 1992).
Pinpoint example
1 A Few Good Men (Directed by Rob Reiner, Castle Rock Entertainment, 1992) 1:15:25.
Bibliography example
A Few Good Men (Directed by Rob Reiner, Castle Rock Entertainment, 1992)
| Broadcaster | Title of segment | Name of program | Full date | Name of speaker |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ABC Radio National, |
'Using evidence obtained in search warrants', |
The Law Report, |
3 February 2015 |
(Damian Carrick) |
List the name of the broadcaster first.
Enclose the title of the segment in single quotation marks.
Italicise the name of the program.
List the full date of the program.
The name of the speaker should be included in parentheses '( )'.
A URL may be included after the speaker’s name where the transcript is available online.
The webpage address (URL) should be enclosed within ‘< >’ symbols.
Footnote example
1 ABC Radio National, 'Using evidence obtained in search warrants', The Law Report, 3 February 2015, (Damian Carrick) <http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lawreport/surfers-paradise/6028122#transcript>
Bibliography example
ABC Radio National, 'Using evidence obtained in search warrants', The Law Report, 3 February 2015, (Damian Carrick) <http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lawreport/surfers-paradise/6028122#transcript>
You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.
Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration. Opens in new window
The publication, Australian Guide to Legal Citation (4th ed, 2018) does not provide guidelines on how to cite your own work. The following examples show how to cite your own work that you have previously submitted for assessment.
If you cite or quote your own previous work, treat yourself as the author and the title of your previous assessment as an unpublished paper.
Note: If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well.
Include the following details:
For example, if Geoffrey Smith wanted to cite a paper they wrote at RMIT University in 2019, their footnote reference may look like this:
1 Geoffrey Smith, 'Australia's copyright law reforms' (unpublished paper, RMIT University, October 2019).
1 Geoffrey Smith, 'Australia's copyright law reforms' (unpublished paper, RMIT University, October 2019) 5.
Smith, Geoffrey, 'Australia's copyright law reforms' (unpublished paper, RMIT University, October 2019)
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
The Vancouver referencing style is a numbered system, predominantly used in the medical field. Authorship is acknowledged using a number to represent a reference. From the in-text reference number, the reader may consult the reference list for full publication details.
Download the RMIT Vancouver referencing guide (DOCX, 130 KB, 10 pages) Opens in new window - MS Word document for downloading or printing
RMIT University Library Referencing Guides for printing Opens in new window - a full list of style guides used at RMIT
The theory was first put forward in 1987. (1)
The theory was first put forward in 1987. [1]
The theory was first put forward in 1987.1
Paraphrasing is when you use someone else's ideas or research and express them in your own words. The way you cite the information depends on the emphasis you wish to apply.
Information-prominent citations emphasise the information you have paraphrased or quoted from an author:
. . . as evidenced from a recent Australian study. (1)
Author-prominent citations emphasise the author. Note: When citing a reference with multiple authors, list the first author, and then abbreviate subsequent authors using et al.
In his research, Jones (2) asserts that . . .
Morton et al. (2) suggest that the use of binomial control charts . . .
Direct quotes are rarely used in the Vancouver style. However, if you use the exact wording of a source:
Note: Within the parentheses, the in-text number is followed by a space, then the lower case letter 'p' with no space and the page number.
"The increasing availability and growth rate of biomedical information, also known as ‘big data’, provides an opportunity for future personalized medicine programs that will significantly improve patient care". (1 p433)
Quotes longer than four lines should be indented in a block, in reduced type and without quotation marks:
With the increased need to store data and information generated by big projects, computational solutions, such as cloud-based computing, have emerged. Cloud computing is the only storage model that can provide the elastic scale needed for DNA sequencing, whose rate of technology advancement could now exceed Moore's Law. Moore's law is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits and the speed of computers double approximately every 2 years. (1 p433)
When citing more than one reference at the same point in your text, give the relevant numbers, separated by commas. Include one space between the comma and the next number:
A number of researchers (4, 5) discovered that . . .
A number of researchers (3, 6, 10) discovered that . . .
If the references have consecutive numbers, then use a hyphen. There should be no spaces between numbers and hyphens:
A number of researchers (4-7) discovered that . . .
For the place of publication, add the city, and then qualify it – see below – by the state code or country name.
For books in the Reference List, pagination (i.e. total number of pages) is optional. Note: The examples in this guide do not include pagination for books.
End citations with a full stop unless the citation ends with a URL or other electronic address.
Check:
Using a case study, Sullivan (1) demonstrates the relationship between goal setting and career advancement.
Effective verbal and non-verbal communication skills are essential for nurses. (1)
According to Sullivan (1), nurses "get fulfillment from caring for others". (p29)
While the public may value nurses highly, "nursing ranks low in career desirability". (1 p47)
1. Sullivan EJ. Becoming influential: a guide for nurses. 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Pearson; 2013.
For an in-text citation that has multiple authors, list the first author, and then abbreviate subsequent authors using et al.
Researchers are advised that "the possibility of bias should be kept in mind". (2 p132)
Morton et al. (2) suggest that the use of binomial control charts ...
In the reference list:
2. Morton A, Mengersen KL, Playford G, Whitby M. Statistical methods for hospital monitoring with R. Chichester (England): John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
3. Goering RV, Dockrell HM, Wakelin D, Zuckerman M, Chiodini PL, Roitt IM, et al. Mims' medical microbiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Mosby Elsevier; 2008.
Whether you are paraphrasing or using a direct quote, in-text citations do not include the edition number of a book.
Colbert et al. (4) highlight the important role that skin plays in protecting the body.
Include the edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." after the book title. There is no need to include edition information if a book is a first edition, or if no edition is mentioned.
4. Colbert BJ, Ankney J, Lee KT. Anatomy, physiology & disease: an interactive journey for health professionals. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson Education; 2013.
Usually, part of a chapter in an edited book is cited in-text unless you refer to an edited book as a whole. Firstly, here is how an edited book is cited in-text and then in the reference list.
In-text citations
Cite as you would for a book with an author or authors. If the book has multiple editors, list the first editor and then abbreviate subsequent editors using et al.
Changes to the nature of healthcare as they relate to inclusive practice are outlined by Davis et al. (5)
Reference List entry
5. Davis J, Birks M, Chapman YB, editors. Inclusive practice for health professionals. South Melbourne (Australia): Oxford University Press; 2015.
In-text citations
In the example below, Williams wrote a particular chapter in an edited book and some information in it has been paraphrased. The Reference List entry, given the number (6), shows the author's name and chapter title, followed by details of the book in which that chapter is found.
According to Williams (6), National Health Surveys are valuable sources of information on the state of health and well-being of Australians.
Reference List entry
In the Reference List, provide:
6. Williams G. Population health and health outcomes. In: Davis J, Birks M, Chapman YB, editors. Inclusive practice for health professionals. South Melbourne (Australia): Oxford University Press; 2015. p. 128-60.
The information provided here is for an e-book from a library database. The rules for citing an e-book in-text are the same as for a physical (i.e. print) book.
According to Wagner (6), the cortical brain blood flow in imprisoned violent lawbreakers is lower than that of the general population.
Include the same information as you would for a print book as well as the following additions:
6. Wagner HN. Brain imaging: the chemistry of mental activity [Internet]. London (England): Springer London; 2009 [cited 2012 Aug 24]. Available from: SpringerLink eBooks.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. An example of paraphrasing:
In his research, Musiek (8) found that sleep and the circadian system ...
Include the following, noting the use of punctuation and spaces.
8. Musiek ES. Circadian rhythms in AD pathogenesis: a critical appraisal. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2017 Jun;3(2):85-92.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. An example of paraphrasing:
Marinovich et al. (9) conducted a systematic review on the accuracy of breast magnetic resonance imaging.
Include the following, noting the use of punctuation and spaces.
In the example below, the article was written by nine authors. Note that only the first six authors are listed, followed by a comma then et al.
9. Marinovich ML, Houssami N, Macaskill P, Sardanelli F, Irwig L, Mamounas EP, et al. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Mar 6;105(5):321-33.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. An example of paraphrasing:
Ogilvy explores the excessive preoccupation with enhancing human life: extending life to promote its longevity, and increasing human intelligence. (10)
In the Reference List, include the same information as you would for a print journal. Note the punctuation used and where spaces are used or not used. In addition, note the following:
10. Ogilvy J. Human enhancement and the computational metaphor. J Evol Technol. [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2018 Mar 9];22(1):[about 12 p.]. Available from: https://jetpress.org/v22/ogilvy.htm
Rating sixth as the most common cancer killer in Australia and being one of the most dangerous of women’s cancers, ovarian cancer receives considerably less funding than other cancers of men and women. (13)
"Ovarian cancer is the most lethal women's cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer death in Australia but funding for the deadly disease falls well below other women's and men's cancers". (13 p12)
According to Hill (13), "ovarian cancer is the most lethal women's cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer death in Australia but funding for the deadly disease falls well below other women's and men's cancers". (p12)
In the reference list:
13. Hill J. High time for an ovary-action to stop killer. Newcastle Herald. 2019 Feb 19:12 (col. 1).
The discovery could result in an easy, affordable, effective and accessible complementary treatment for 1.2 million Australians currently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. (14)
"With 1.2 million Aussies currently living with type 2 diabetes, the breakthrough could lead to a widely-available, simple, cheap and effective complementary treatment for diabetics across the country". (14 p1)
According to Squires (14), "with 1.2 million Aussies currently living with type 2 diabetes, the breakthrough could lead to a widely-available, simple, cheap and effective complementary treatment for diabetics across the country". (p1)
In the reference list:
14. Squires M. Vitamin C may become new diabetes treatment. The Advertiser [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2019 Feb 19]:4. Available from: Proquest Australia & New Zealand Newsstream.
For researchers of influenza, discovering a vaccine that does not need to be given each year is desirable, yet difficult to achieve. (15)
"A one-shot vaccine that does not need annual updates is the Holy Grail for influenza researchers". (15 p1)
According to Mannix (15), "a one-shot vaccine that does not need annual updates is the Holy Grail for influenza researchers". (p1)
In the reference list:
15. Mannix L. Universal flu vaccine a big step closer - but it will only help half of us. The Age [Internet]. 2019 Feb 19 [cited 2019 Feb 22]:[about 3 p.]. Available from: https://www.theage.com.au/healthcare/universal-flu-vaccine-a-big-step-closer-but-it-will-only-help-half-of-us-20190218-p50ykw.html
General rules
In the Vancouver style, the term “illustration” applies to anything that is not written. For example:
The following are general rules for citing illustrations – whatever the type - using the Vancouver referencing style. However, the specific examples provided in this Vancouver guide are for citing images.
Using numbers
The Vancouver referencing style uses Arabic numerals, e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc., whenever a number is required. Do not use:
In-text citations
Below the illustration you have inserted in your text, add a caption that includes:
The reference list
In the reference list, include the sources of all the illustrations that you have used from another source and inserted in your text.
In general, this is the order that the references in your list will include:
Images not numbered in the original source, e.g. image on a webpage or in a database
In-text citation
If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:
. . . as shown in Figure 1. (15)
Figure 1 (15) shows that . . .
Figure layout
The caption beneath the image should include:
Figure 1. Glenohumeral joint. (15)
Reference list
In your reference list, the entry for a book will include:
15. Gustowski S, Budner-Gentry M, Seals, R. Osteopathic techniques: the learner's guide. New York (NY):Thieme; 2017. Figure 4.25, Glenohumeral joint; p. 72.
In-text citation
If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:
. . . as shown in Figure 1. (11)
Figure 1 (11) shows that . . .
Figure layout
The caption beneath the image should include:
Figure 1. Dose distributions for a left-breast tumor (a, b) at the level of surgical bed defined by titanium clips (arrows) and the corresponding DVH (c, d) for supine (left) and prone (right) positions. (11)
Reference list
The reference list entry includes the following:
11. Fernandez-Lizarbe E, Montero A, Polo A, Hernanz R, Moris R, Formenti S, Ramos A. Pilot study of feasibility and dosimetric comparison of prone versus supine breast radiotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol. 2013; 15:450-9. Figure 2, Dose distributions for a left-breast tumor (a, b) at the level of surgical bed defined by titanium clips (arrows) and the corresponding DVH (c,d) for supine (left) and prone (right) positions; p. 453.
In-text citation
If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:
. . . as shown in Figure 2. (12)
Figure 2 (12) shows that . . .
Figure layout
The caption beneath the image should include:
Figure 2. Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. (12)
Images not given a title in the original source
If an image has not been given a title or a description, e.g. a photograph, create an appropriate title and enter it in square brackets. For example, [Scar tissue on knee].
Reference list
The reference list entry includes the following:
Images not numbered in the original source
If the illustration is not numbered, give it a number according to its placement on the webpage and enclose it in square brackets. For example, if it is the first illustration in the original source, give it the number 1, e.g. [Figure 1].
If it is the only illustration given in the original source, just use [Figure].
12. National Cancer Institute. Parathyroid cancer treatment (PDQ®)–patient version [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; [Figure 1], Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands; [updated 2017 Aug 18; cited 2017 Oct 11]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/patient/parathyroid-treatment-pdq
For the National Cancer Institute © 2012 Terese Winslow LLC, U.S. Govt. has certain rights
License Granted: Terese Winslow LLC hereby grants limited, non-exclusive worldwide print and electronic rights only for use in the work specified. Terese Winslow LLC grants such rights “AS IS” without representation or warranty of any kind and shall have no liability in connection with such license.
Restrictions: Reproduction for use in any other work or derivative works is prohibited. Ownership of original artwork, copyright, and all rights not specifically transferred herein remain the exclusive property of Terese Winslow LLC. Additional license(s) are required for ancillary usage(s).
In-text citation
If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:
. . . as shown in Figure 3. (16)
Figure 3 (16) shows that . . .
Figure layout
The caption beneath the image should include:
Figure 3. Graphic of large recurrent disc herniation shows displacement of the nuclear material through a large defect in the posterior annular fibers with effacement of the ventral thecal sac and displacement of the intrathecal nerve roots. (16)
Reference list
The reference list entry includes the following:
Images not numbered in the original source
If the illustration is not numbered, give it a number according to its placement on the webpage and enclose it in square brackets. For example, if it is the first illustration in the original source, give it the number 1, e.g. [Figure 1].
If it is the only illustration given in the original source, just use [Figure].
16. Ross JS. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. [cited 2017 Sep 05]. [Figure], Graphic of large recurrent disc herniation shows displacement of the nuclear material through a large defect in the posterior annular fibers with effacement of the ventral thecal sac and displacement of the intrathecal nerve roots. In: Imaging Reference Centre [Internet]. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier. 2017. [about 1 screen]. Available from: https://app.imagingreferencecenter.com/.
Note: The above URL ends with a forward slash, so therefore a full stop is added after it.
In-text citation
If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:
. . . as shown in Figure 4. (17)
Figure 4 (17) shows that . . .
Figure layout
The caption beneath the image should include:
Images not given a title in the original source
If an image has not been given a title or a description, e.g. a photograph, create an appropriate title and enter it in square brackets. For example, [Scar tissue on knee].
Figure 4. MRI. (17)
Reference list
The citation in the reference list will include the reference number you assigned the illustration in your text and:
17. West L. MRI [Internet]. Mountain View (CA): Flickr.com; 2012 Aug 1 [cited 2017 Oct 1]. [Figure]. Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/7694882446 CC BY 2.0
"MRI" Opens in new window by Liz West Opens in new window can be reused under the CC BY 2.0 license. Opens in new window
For in-text citations, cite as you would for other references:
In order to improve patient safety, Benham et al. (18) created a Web-based application for use in hospitals.
A conference paper in the proceedings of a book is referenced in the same way as a contribution to a book. It begins with the author(s) and title of the paper, followed by a connecting phrase beginning with "In:", the book's editor(s), book title, and conference information. It ends with the publication details of the book and the relevant pagination.
18. Benham SA, Amyot D, Forster AJ, Peyton L, Shamsaei A. Goal-driven development of a patient surveillance application for improving patient safety. In: Babin G, Kropf P, Weiss M, editors. E-technologies: innovation in an open world. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, MCETECH; 2009 May 4-6; Ottawa, Canada. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer-Verlag; 2009. p. 65-76.
You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.
Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration.
The publication Citing Medicine on which this information is based does not provide guidelines on how to cite your own work. The following is based on how to cite dissertations and theses.
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper.
Paraphrasing in-text
For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this:
Studies indicate that … (24).
Smith (24) noted that …
If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well. If Jane Smith's earlier paper had cited Presley and Johnson, for example, it may look like this:
According to Smith (24), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (18) …
Direct quote in-text
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number from the previous work.
"Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders". (24 p3).
Reference List
In the Reference list include:
24. Smith J. An analysis of personality theory [unpublished paper]. [Melbourne (Australia)]: RMIT University; 2018. 5p.
In-text citations
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. For example:
A new wheat type has been developed which provides for greater fibre than current types. (13)
Reference List
Include in the reference list:
13. CSIRO [Internet]. Canberra (Australia): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; c2015-2017. Wheat a kick in the guts for fighting diseases; 2017 Dec 14 [cited 2018 Jan 15]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: https://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-releases/2017/Wheat-a-kick-in-the-guts-for-fighting-diseases?featured=F29EDEB1728C4A92B579C7A5DC28BAD5
In-text citations
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. For example:
Quality management relies on good communication, which is described as “the key to quality”. (14 p5)
Reference List
Include in the reference list:
14. Institute of Biomedical Science. Guidance on quality management in laboratories [Internet]. London (England): Institute of Biomedical Science; 2015 [updated 2015 Jun; cited 2016 Sep 1]; [8 p.]. Available from: https://www.ibms.org/resources/documents/quality-management-in-laboratories/guidance-on-quality-management-in-laboratories.pdf
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) citation style is a numbered style where references are numbered [1], [2], [3] in-text and so on in the order of appearance in the body of the document. A Reference List at the end of the work provides full details of all references cited in-text. The references are ordered as they appear in the in-text references (in order of citation, not in alphabetical order). You need to follow this style when acknowledging your information sources.
Download the IEEE referencing guide (DOCX, 74.8 KB, 14 pages) from the
Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. When paraphrasing, it’s acceptable to include only the citation as a number in square brackets, or as a number along with the author’s family name as part of your sentence.
Note: When paraphrasing, the citation details can be placed at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.
Benson [1] states that thermal performance . . .
. . . not only does the shift toward multicore processors mean more improvements in CPU speed [1], but they also consume less power and produce less heat.
. . . and therefore the rate of heat transfer slows [1].
Note: Citations can also be structured according to whether they give prominence to the author, or to the information being conveyed.
In his research on software thermal management, Benson [1] claims that . . .
. . . where more processors are being produced to optimise power and thermal performance [1].
When paraphrasing, page numbers are not usually used as part of the citation, unless it intends to help the reader to locate the source of the information in a lengthy or complex document.
Note: Including page numbers when paraphrasing is optional, and is NOT a requirement of the IEEE referencing style.
Direct quotes are used when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between double quotation marks “ ” and add both the citation number followed by a comma, and the page number(s), preceded by p. (for a single page) or pp. (for multiple pages). Do not overuse direct quotes!.
"Due to the nonlinear nature of the Law of Dynamic Power, if the demand on the processor is light, the operating frequency can be reduced to save clock cycles, reducing power and limiting heat generation" [1, p. 82].
If the work you are referencing does NOT contain page numbers, then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers as part of the in-text reference.
"Many physical dynamic systems can be represented and modeled by first-order differential equations" [1, Ch. 3, para. 1].
If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots ( . . . ) and another space.
"The third basic electrical element is the inductor . . . Generally, the induced voltage v in an inductor is proportional to the rate of change of current i" [1, p. 168].
Note: Quotes longer than three lines are strongly discouraged, and should be avoided.
If citing the same reference within the body of the text, then use the same citation number throughout the text. IEEE does NOT allow for the use of terms such as “ibid.” or “op. cit.” when citing the same reference multiple times. Instead, if the same source is cited multiple times, then it is preferable to distinguish between these with reference to the appropriate section, for example:
If listing multiple citations within a sentence of text, then the preferred method is to list each citation number separately, or by inserting a comma or en dash between each number.
List all multiple citations in ascending numerical order e.g. [1], [6], [9]. Or [5-8].
In [1], [4], [8] it was noted that . . .
It is suggested by [6]-[9] that . . .
It is also acceptable for multiple citations to be listed the following way in-text:
Recent studies [1, 2, 5] have noted that . . .
Specific objectives [4-7] indicate that . . .
A secondary citation is used when you acknowledge the work of an author that you have read about in another author’s work.
The IEEE referencing style does NOT allow for the use of secondary citations.
If a secondary citation has to be used, then the original source MUST be located and cited.
If the original source cannot be located, then do NOT cite it.
When citing journals, patents and websites, use the following abbreviations for months:
Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. (note that some months appear in full and DO NOT require a full stop).
Use a forward slash for bimonthly issues e.g. Apr./May 2016 and a en dash for a quarterly issue e.g. June–Aug. 2015.
Standard IEEE words when used in a reference should be abbreviated. See the Useful Abbreviations in References section of the IEEE Reference Guide (2020) Opens in new window pp. 20–24.
If referencing any IEEE journal titles, then refer to the IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window document.
When referencing IEEE magazine titles, then refer to the IEEE Magazine Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window document.
When citing conference proceedings, the common rule is to list the author(s), title, name and location (if provided) of the conference and use any standard abbreviations where necessary. For further details, refer to the Conferences and Conference Proceedings section of the IEEE Reference Guide (2020) Opens in new window p. 5.
For a list of some publisher abbreviations refer to the List of Publishers section of the IEEE Reference Guide (2020) Opens in new window pp. 24–39.
Acronyms are to be defined in-text and written out in full the first time referred to, followed by the acronym in parentheses.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [1] Space Flight report identifies . . .
For subsequent occurrences the use of the acronym is acceptable.
The NASA [1] report also outlines . . .
Acronyms in the reference list are to be written out in full for corporate/organisation author names. However, publisher names can be abbreviated or an acronym can be used.
[1] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “Space flight: the first 30 years,” NASA, Washington, DC, USA, Rep. 1, 1991.
When citing electronic sources such as e-journal articles or e-books, you MUST include a digital object identifier (DOI) if stated. A DOI is a unique identifier that is assigned to certain electronic sources, and provides a persistent link to online content.
The DOI can be added to the reference list using the following formats:
1. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxx.
2. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxx.
3. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
If no DOI is assigned, include either the journal/database homepage URL if taken from a library database, or the full URL if taken from a source on the open web.
Note: A full stop should appear at the end of the DOI.
For the place of publication, add the city, and then include the state code (if applicable) and country name, followed by the publisher and year of publication.
Cities in the USA need the city name, state abbreviation and country abbreviation.
Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning, 2017.
Cities in the UK need the city name and country abbreviation.
Oxford, U.K.: Newnes, 2012.
Cities in other countries (outside the USA and UK) just need to include the city name and country.
Carlton South, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1991.
Note: The Reference List is to be formatted using 1.5 line spacing and single paragraph spacing between each citation.
Reference List
[1] J. L. Blackburn, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2014.
[2] H. F. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 7th ed. New York, NY, USA: W. H. Freeman and Co., 2012.
[3] A. A. P. Biscaro, R. A. F. Pereira, M. Kezunovic, and J. R. S. Mantovani, “Integrated fault location and power-quality analysis in electric power distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 428-436, Apr. 2016.
[4] S. Shao, J. Bi, F. Yang, and W. Guan, “On-line estimation of state-of-charge of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle using the resampling particle filter,” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 32, pp. 207-217, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2014.07.013.
[5] K. A. Burke, “High energy density regenerative fuel cells systems for terrestrial applications,” IEEE Aerosp. Syst. Mag., vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 23-34, Dec. 1999.
[6] B. Lin, X. Tang, and X. Huang, "Research on fiber optic gyroscope adaptive filtering algorithm based on FPGA," in Proc. 2015 Int. Conf. Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 1354-1357, doi: 10.1109/62.811091.
[7] Energy Networks Australia, "Judicial review of energy network regulatory decisions." Energy Networks Australia. http://www.energynetworks.com.au/miscellaneous/judicial-review-of-energy-network-regulatory-decisions/ (accessed June 1, 2017).
[8] nottinghamscience, U.K. What is Nanotechnology? (Apr. 15, 2008). Accessed Feb. 22, 2018. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYR8lV23Pow
[9] Y. Ren et al., Microstructures of cold-sprayed titanium before and after heat treatment, vol. 7, CSIRO Data Collection, 2017, doi: http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5913e0247881b.
[10] K. Deby, “Multinode temperature sensor,” Aus. Patent 2016102110, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2016102110
[11] IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sensing Interfaces and Data Structures for Dynamic Spectrum Access and Other Advanced Radio Communication Systems, 1900.6, IEEE, 2011. [Online]. Available: www.saiglobal/ieee2743287647644
[12] M. Al-Saidi, “A model formulation approach for system support engineering,” Ph.D. dissertation, Aero., Mech. and Manuf. Eng., RMIT Univ., Melbourne, Australia, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/eserv/rmit:161152/Al_Saidi.pdf
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
As discussed in [2], relays are used in everyday life.
Blackburn [2] states that . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Symmetrical components can be called the language of the relay engineer or technician" [2, p. 71].
Blackburn notes that "Symmetrical components can be called the language of the relay engineer or technician" [2, p. 71].
When citing books make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), or name of organisation/company, Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication.
[2] J. L. Blackburn, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2014.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
State both authors using ‘and’ between the two author family names when citing in-text.
Battery load calculation is discussed in [2].
Bayliss and Hardy [2] state that batteries . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"The load on the battery is calculated from the power consumption characteristics" [2, p. 139].
List both authors, separating the two author names with ‘and’.
When citing books make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), or name of organisation/company, Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication.
[2] C. R. Bayliss and B. J. Hardy, Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering, 4th ed. Oxford, U.K.: Newnes, 2012.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
If citing more than two authors in-text, use the first family name listed followed by et al. (in italics).
Utilisation of digital circuits enables . . . [2].
Radulov et al. [2] discuss the use of digital circuits.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Digital circuits can only be utilized providing an appropriate translation" [2, p. 11].
List all authors (up to six), separating the last two author names with ‘and’.
When citing books make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), or name of organisation/company, Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication.
[2] G. Radulov, P. Quinn, H. Hegt, and A. van Roermund, Smart and Flexible Digital-to-Analog Converters. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2011.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
If citing more than two authors in-text, use the first family name listed followed by et al. (in italics).
Centrifugation is the first process in protein purification [2].
Lodish et al. [2] discuss methods for polymer and particle separation.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Rate-zonal centrifugation has proved to be a practical method for separating many different types of polymers and particles" [2, p. 93].
If there are more than six authors listed, use et al. (in italics) after the first author’s family name.
When citing books make sure to include the following information where available:
Author initials. Family name, or name of organisation/company, Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication.
[2] H. F. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 7th ed. New York, NY, USA: W. H. Freeman and Co., 2012.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name/corporate name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family/corporate name.
Arthropods have exoskeletons that are considered to be . . .[2].
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Entomology [2] consider the exoskeletons of arthropods to be . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Arthropods are metamerically segmented invertebrates" [2, p. 3].
Place corporate name in the author position.
When citing a book by a corporate author make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), or name of organisation/company, Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication.
[2] Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Division of Entomology, The Insects of Australia: A Textbook for Students and Research Workers, 2nd ed. Carlton South, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1991.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The mobility of hydrogen atoms cause . . .[2].
Kupriyanov [2] recommends alternatives to oil and mercury vacuum pumps.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Hydrogen atoms are the simplest donor particles" [2, p. 185].
Include the translated title and details such as language directly after the publisher.
When citing a translated book make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher (in Language), Year of Publication.
[2] L. Y. Kupriyanov, Semiconductor Sensors in Physico-Chemical Studies. Burlington, VT, USA: Elsevier Science (in Russian), 1996.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
There are two determining factors for the necessary length of insulators [2].
Wagenaar [2] contends that mineral oil . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Mineral oil expands and contracts with temperature" [2, p. 9].
When citing a book chapter make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of the chapter," in Title of the Book, Ed., (editor if available), ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication, pp. chapter/s or first and last pages of the article.
[2] L. B. Wagenaar, "Electrical bushings," in Electric Power Transformer Engineering, J. H. Harlow, Ed., 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2012, pp. 1-24.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Handset competition is discussed by [2].
Curwen and Whaley [2] evaluate the complexity of the mobile industry . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"The handset market is extremely competitive" [2, p. 77].
When citing e-books from a database make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: database homepage URL
[2] P. Curwen and J. Whalley, Mobile Telecommunications in a High-Speed World: Industry Structure, Strategic Behaviour and Socio-Economic Impact. Farnham, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Impulse, step and sinusoid signals are used in the design and analysis of electrical and mechanical circuits [2].
The signals used in the design and analysis of electrical and mechanical circuits are detailed by Scharf [2].
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Note: If no page numbers are listed then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers where appropriate.
"The sinusoid is an idealized signal that models excitations that oscillate with a regular frequency" [2, Ch. 5, para. 5].
When citing e-books from the internet make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
[2] L. Scharf, A First Course in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.freetechbooks.com/a-first-course-in-electrical-and-computer-engineering-t1038.html
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of journal titles in a reference. Use IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
A liquid level sensor circuit is designed . . .[3].
Ibrahim [3] carried out tests . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Ibrahim concluded that the "Accuracy of the sensor can be improved by increasing the microcontroller clock frequency or value of the charging resistor" [3, p. 179].
When citing journal articles make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.
[3] D. Ibrahim, “Development of a low-cost educational liquid-level sensor circuit,” International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 168-181, 2015.
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of journal titles in a reference. Use IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
State both authors, using ‘and’ between the two author family names when citing in-text.
Atmospheric effects such as rain and fog can affect the transmission of free-space optical signals [3].
Song and Kam [3] contend that atmospheric effects such as rain and fog can affect the transmission of free-space optical signals.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Free-space optical (FSO) communications provide high data rate transmission with higher security and higher flexibility compared with conventional wireless communications." [3, p. 1120].
List both authors, separating the two author names with ‘and’.
When citing journal articles make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.
[3] T. Song and P. Y. Kam, “Robust data detection for the photon-counting free-space optical system with implicit CSI acquisition and background radiation compensation,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1120-1132, Feb. 2016.
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of journal titles in a reference. Use IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
If citing more than two authors in-text, use the first family name listed followed by et al. (in italics).
Repair time and financial losses can be minimised by using the fault diagnosis system to restore a system to normal operation [3].
Biscaro et al. [3] contend that repair time and financial losses can be minimised by using the fault diagnosis system to restore a system to normal operation.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Biscaro et al. concluded that “The integrated system diagnosis and fault location will assist the electric utility personnel in their daily job in providing important information for operation and maintenance” [3, p. 435].
List all authors (up to six), separating the last two author names with ‘and’.
When citing journal articles make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.
[3] A. A. P. Biscaro, R. A. F. Pereira, M. Kezunovic, and J. R. S. Mantovani, “Integrated fault location and power-quality analysis in electric power distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 428-436, Apr. 2016.
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of journal titles in a reference. Use IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
If citing more than two authors in-text, use the first family name listed followed by et al. (in italics).
Simplicity in relation to the SOC estimation process is an important factor for portable devices using a small or single battery [3].
Chun et al. [3] concluded that simplicity in relation to the SOC estimation process is an important factor for portable devices using a small or single battery.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Chun et al. concluded that "In portable devices using a single or small-sized battery, simplicity and low power dissipation of the state of charge estimation process are important factors" [3, p. 262].
If there are more than six authors listed, use et al. (in italics) after the first author’s family name.
When citing journal articles make sure to include the following information where available:
Author initials. Family name, "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.
[3] C. Y. Chun et al., “Current sensor-less state-of-charge estimation algorithm for lithium-ion batteries utilizing filtered terminal voltage,” J. Power Sources, vol. 273, pp. 255-263, Jan. 2015.
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of journal titles in a reference. Use IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The static characteristics of the battery system are . . .[3].
Shao et al. [3] propose that a battery’s temperature, state of health and age can affect . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"The observation equation needs to reflect the static and dynamic characteristics of the battery system" [3, p. 209].
When citing e-journal articles with a DOI make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year, doi:.
[3] S. Shao, J. Bi, F. Yang, and W. Guan, “On-line estimation of state-of-charge of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle using the resampling particle filter,” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 32, pp. 207-217, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2014.07.013.
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of journal titles in a reference. Use IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The United States and Europe contribute to . . .[3].
Blau [3] contends that the United States and Europe contribute to . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"When it comes to the internet, Europe still plays a supporting role to the United States" [3, p. 4].
When citing e-journal articles from a library database make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year. [Online]. Available: database homepage URL
[3] J. Blau, “Big demand for big data scientists in Europe,” Research Technology Management, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 3-6, May/June 2015. [Online]. Available: http://ebscohost.com
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of journal titles in a reference. Use IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The elements in optical systems are outlined in [3].
The waveguide element is claimed as critical by Song and Tan [3].
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Waveguide is one of the key elements on optical systems for the confinement and transmission of light" [3, p. 4].
When citing e-journal articles from the internet make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
[3] C. Song and S. W. Tan, “A perspective on the rise of optofluidics and the future,” Micromachines, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1-17, May 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/8/5/152
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of magazine titles in a reference. Use IEEE Magazine Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the magazine title, you can spell out the name of the magazine title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The plane will have greater payload capacity if the energy storage system is lighter [4].
When considering reduction of payload capacity, Burke [4] concluded that the weight reduction of the energy storage system would be beneficial.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"The lighter the energy storage system, the greater the payload the plane will be able to carry and sustain in flight" [4, p. 33].
When citing magazine articles from a print source make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Magazine, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.
[4] K. A. Burke, “High energy density regenerative fuel cells systems for terrestrial applications,” IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 23-34, Dec. 1999.
The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of magazine titles in a reference. Use IEEE Magazine Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.
For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.
Other examples include:
Note: If you cannot locate the magazine title, you can spell out the name of the magazine title in full.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
As mentioned in [4], new machines will be as adaptable as our brains.
It is Rothganger’s [4] hypothesis that machines will become more like humans.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Rothganger describes artificial intelligence as "the dream of a thinking machine" [4, p. 24].
When citing magazine articles from an online source make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Magazine, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year. [Online]. Available: name of database
[4] F. Rothganger, “Special report: Can we copy the brain? The dawn of the real thinking machine,” IEEE Spectr., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 22-25, May 2017. [Online]. Available: IEEE database
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Adaptive filtering technology applied to engineering, is based on the implementation of adaptive algorithm [5].
Adaptive filtering technology applied to engineering, is based on the implementation of adaptive algorithm, as Lin, Tang and Huang [5] explain.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
According to researchers, "The realization of adaptive algorithm is the basis of application of adaptive filtering technology to engineering practice" [5, p. 1354].
When citing a conference paper that has been published in proceedings make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of paper," in abbrev. Title of Proceedings, Place of Publication, Year (only if not already stated in title), pp. first and last pages of paper, doi:. (if available)
[5] B. Lin, X. Tang, and X. Huang, "Research on fiber optic gyroscope adaptive filtering algorithm based on FPGA," in Proc. 2015 Int. Conf. Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 1354-1357, doi:10.1109/62.811091.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Once data packets have come into the internet network, users cannot control the path these packets take, even though users can select an ISP of their own choice [5].
Yang [5] explains that once data packets have come into the internet network, users cannot control the path these packets take, even though users can select an ISP of their own choice.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Today, users can pick their own ISPs, but once the packets have entered the network, the users have no control over the overall routes their packets take" [5, p. 1].
When citing a conference paper that has been presented make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of paper," presented at the abbrev. Title and Year of Conference. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
[5] X. Yang, "NIRA: A new internet routing architecture," presented at the ACM SIGCOMM FDNA 2003 Workshop. [Online]. Available: http://www.isi.edu/newarch/DOCUMENTS/yang.nira.pdf
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The Black Knight program was purposely designed to test the aerodynamic behaviour of re-entry nose cones [6].
The aerodynamic behaviour of re-entry nose cones is discussed by James [6].
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"The surfaces of a boomerang have similar characteristics to an aircraft wing" [6, p. 3].
When citing reports from a print source with an author(s) make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of report," Publisher, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Report Number/Type (if available), Month Day (if available), Year of Publication.
[6] M. L. James, “A history of Australia’s space involvement,” Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, Working Paper 241, Nov. 1991.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Skylab’s features and lifespan are fully discussed in [6].
The Apollo Telescope Mount was the largest piece of scientific equipment on Skylab, according to NASA [6].
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"The ATM had its own electricity-generating solar panels" [6, p. 18].
When citing reports from a print source with an corporate author make sure to include the following information where available:
Organisation/company name, "Title of report," Publisher, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Report Number/Type (if available), Month Day (if available), Year of Publication.
[6] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “Space flight: The first 30 years,” NASA, Washington, DC, USA, Report 1, 1991.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The experimental design described in [6] allowed the engineer to measure the number of words correctly received by each listener.
Catellier and Voran [6] describe the design, implementation and analysis of a speech intelligibility test.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Catellier and Voran state that "There may be negative consequences for speech intelligibility even as it becomes particularly important to coordinate the new personnel" [6, p. 3].
When citing reports from an online source with an author(s) make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of report," Publisher, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Report Number/Type (if not in title), Month Day, Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
[6] A. A. Catellier and S. D. Voran, “NTIA technical report TR-17-522: Intelligibility of selected speech codecs in frame-erasure conditions,” NTIA, Washington, DC, USA, May 5, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/publications/3165.aspx
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Water supply systems are being impacted due to Victoria's population growth [6].
Water saving initiatives are already being implemented such as large reservoirs, desalination plants and pipelines, according to the Victorian State Government [6].
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
The report states that "a key challenge for engineers is helping protect and enhance our state's biodiversity, together with maintaining the viability of the agricultural sector, which is essential to all Victorians" [6, p.12].
When citing reports from an online source with a corporate author make sure to include the following information where available:
Organisation/company name, "Title of report," Publisher, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Report number/Type, Month Day (if available), Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: name of database or site/path/file
[6] State of Victoria (Department of Treasury and Finance), “Victorian state of engineering 2018,” Victoria State Government, Melbourne, Australia, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.opv.vic.gov.au/Office-of-Victorian-Chief-Engineer/The-State-of-Engineering
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
There are two instabilities which contribute to the poor efficiency of lithium-oxygen fuel cells [7].
Fleischman [7] describes the capacity fade which occurs when the electrolyte reacts with the electrodes.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Note: If no page numbers are listed then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers where appropriate.
Fleischman reports that lithium-oxygen fuel cells are "seen as a promising candidate for future transportation-related energy needs" [7, para. 1].
When citing webpages make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s). "Title of Webpage." Title of Website (if available). URL (accessed Month Day, Year).
[7] T. Fleischman. "Stabilizing molecule could pave way for lithium-air fuel cell." CNN.com. https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2017/04/stabilizing-molecule-could-pave-way-lithium-air-fuel-cell (accessed Apr. 30, 2017).
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
It is reported in [7] that the Australian Energy Regulator (AER) will need to make new decisions regarding gas and electricity network pricing.
Energy Networks Australia [7] concludes that poor regulation will have impacts on service and reliability.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Note: If no page numbers are listed then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers where appropriate.
Energy Networks Australia reports that "Neither the Court nor the Tribunal took the decision out of the hands of the AER" [7, para. 4].
When citing webpages with a corporate author make sure to include the following information where available:
Organisation/company name. "Title of Webpage." Title of Website (if available). URL (accessed Month Day, Year).
[7] Energy Networks Australia. "Judicial review of energy network regulatory decisions." Energy Networks Australia. https://www.energynetworks.com.au/miscellaneous/judicial-review-of-energy-network-regulatory-decisions/ (accessed June 1, 2017).
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Nanotechnology explores how matter is built on a small scale, from atoms to molecules [8].
As explained by nottinghamscience [8], nanotechnology explores how matter is built on a small scale, from atoms to molecules.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.
Note: A timestamp is NOT required when directly quoting from this type of source.
"Nanotechnology is not only about making things small, but actually having a new function" [8].
When citing a streaming video / YouTube video make sure to include the following information where available:
Video Owner/Creator, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country. Title of Video. Release date (Month Day if available, Year). Accessed Month Day, Year. [Online Video]. Available: site/path/file
[8] nottinghamscience, U.K. What is Nanotechnology? (Apr. 15, 2008). Accessed Feb. 22, 2018. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYR8lV23Pow
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
When software is being developed, it needs to consider new additions, error fixing and an ongoing process of improvement or development [8].
Allardice [8] asserts that when software is being developed, it needs to consider new additions, error fixing and an ongoing process of improvement or development.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.
Note: A timestamp is NOT required when directly quoting from this type of source.
As explained in [8, para. 6], "Software development needs to be responsive. We need to add new features, we need to fix bugs, we need to support continual development".
When citing a video tutorial make sure to include the following information where available:
Video Owner/Creator, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country. Title of Video. Release date (Month Day if available, Year). Accessed Month Day, Year. [Online Video]. Available: site/path/file
[8] S. Allardice, Reviewing Software Development Methodologies. (May 22, 2012). Accessed June 2, 2017. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.linkedin.com/learning?trk=learning-topics_nav-header-logo&upsellOrderOrigin=default_guest_learning
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
At a tiny scale, and contrary to our expectations, material acts differently than at a larger scale [8].
Schiffrin [8] states that at a tiny scale, and contrary to our expectations, material acts differently than at a larger scale.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.
Note: A timestamp is NOT required when directly quoting from this type of source.
According to Schiffrin, "We can look at a chunk of material, but at a small scale, and it behaves completely differently than what we might expect" [8].
When citing an audio podcast make sure to include the following information where available:
Podcast Owner/Creator, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country. Title of Podcast. Release date (Month Day if available, Year). Accessed Month Day, Year. [Podcast]. Available: site/path/file
[8] A. Schiffrin, Sydney, Australia. Materials go Nano. (Jan. 8, 2017). Accessed May 12, 2017. [Podcast]. Available: http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceextra/materials-go-nano/8117286
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Updating the Kinect software has enabled the creators to track a maximum of 25 body joints; 20% more than the first version, and now including fists and thumbs [9].
Pterneas [9] relates that updating the Kinect software has enabled the creators to track a maximum of 25 body joints; 20% more than the first version, and now including fists and thumbs.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.
Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.
"The initial version of Kinect allowed us to track up to 20 body joints. The second version allows up to 25 joints. The new joints include the fists and thumbs!" [9].
When citing a blog make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country. Title of Blog. Release date (Month Day if available, Year). Accessed Month Day, Year. [Blog]. Available: site/path/file
[9] V. Pterneas, Kinect for windows version 2: Body tracking, (Mar. 13, 2014). Accessed June 2, 2017. [Blog]. Available: https://pterneas.com/2014/03/13/kinect-for-windows-version-2-body-tracking/
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The generated image [9] shows . . .
Ren et al. [9] generated an image of cold-sprayed titanium.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.
Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.
The image displays "3D Compositional distribution of cold spray Ti after HT" [9].
When citing a dataset with a DOI make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of dataset, vol. (volume number, if applicable), Publisher, Month Day, Year, doi:.
[9] Y. Ren et al. Microstructures of cold-sprayed titanium before and after heat treatment, vol. 7, CSIRO Data Collection, 2017, doi:https://doi.org/10.4225/08/5913e0247881b.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
The use of granular materials creates . . .[9].
Gore [9] discusses the method of freezing and thawing in order to create subsurface channels.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.
Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.
"These experiments were extended from 5 f/t cycles to 40 f/t cycles to further explore the trends" [9].
When citing a dataset with a URL make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of dataset, vol. (volume number, if applicable), Publisher, Month Day, Year. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
[9] D. Gore, The hydraulic behaviour of permeable reactive barrier materials under freeze-thaw conditions, Australian Antarctic Data Centre, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/metadata_redirect.cfm?md=ASAC_2576
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets.
The developed fuzzy system cost model is displayed [9].
If citing a Figure in-text: For more details, refer to [9, Fig. 7].
Or, if citing a table in-text: For more details, refer to [9, Tab. 7].
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
"Multiplying the outputs of the four cost models by the weighting factors and summing them up yields an interim level estimation, which is then fed into the fuzzy rule-based inference engine for further processing" [9, p. 32].
If citing a figure or table make sure to reference it according to its original source type i.e. book, journal article, report etc.
When citing figures and tables make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), “Title of figure/table,” abbrev. Title of Publication, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), p. or pp. page(s) of figure, Month Year of Publication.
[9] Y. Karatas and F. Ince, "Fuzzy system with two inputs and one output," IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., vol. 31, no. 5, p. 32, May 2016.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
A better multinode temperature sensor is proposed [9].
Deby [9] recognised that improvements are possible.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
Note: If no page numbers are listed then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers where appropriate.
"The multi-node temperature sensor probe provides manifold advantages" [9, Desc. Sec.].
When citing a patent make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), “Title of patent,” abbrev. Country (if applicable) Patent Number, Month Day (if available), Year. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
[9] K. Deby, "Multinode temperature sensor," Aus. Patent 2016102110, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2016102110
Examples of personal communication include:
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Engineers can develop long-term professional partnerships and contribute ideas with others when networking with peers in their industry [9].
Nguyen [9] stresses the importance of engineers developing long-term professional partnerships and contributing ideas with others, when networking with peers in their industry.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.
Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.
"Networking with other engineers allows you to build long-term collaborations, as well as share ideas and experiences" [9].
When citing a personal communication make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), private communication, Month Year.
[9] L. Nguyen, private communication, Aug. 2016.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the organisation in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the organisation name.
Interoperability between sensors and clients was outlined in [9].
IEEE Standards Association [9] addressed the requirement for new technology.
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.
Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.
The standard "elaborates on the service access points, service primitives, as well as generic procedures used to realize this information exchange" [9].
When citing a standard make sure to include the following information where available:
Title of Standard, Standard Number, Publisher (if applicable), Year. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
[9] IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sensing Interfaces and Data Structures for Dynamic Spectrum Access and Other Advanced Radio Communication Systems, 1900.6, IEEE, 2011. [Online]. Available: www.saiglobal/ieee2743287647644
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.
Uncontrolled events are challenging [9].
The model discussed by Al-Saidi [9] states . . .
When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.
According to Al-Saidi, "Uncontrolled events are the supreme challenge that any system designer or operator could face" [9, p. 80].
When citing a thesis make sure to include the following information where available:
Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of thesis," Type of thesis (Ph.D. dissertation or M.S. thesis), abbrev. Department, abbrev. University, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
[9] M. Al-Saidi, “A model formulation approach for system support engineering,” Ph.D. dissertation, Aero., Mech. and Manuf. Eng., RMIT Univ., Melbourne, Australia, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/eserv/rmit:161152/Al_Saidi.pdf
You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.
Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration. Opens in new window
The publication, IEEE Reference Guide (2020) does not provide guidelines on how to cite your own work. The following examples show how to cite your own work that you have previously submitted for assessment.
If you cite or quote your own previous work, treat yourself as the author and the title of your previous assessment as an unpublished paper.
When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to your family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after your family name.
For example, if Brad Smith wanted to cite a paper they wrote at RMIT University in 2019, their in-text reference may look like this:
Studies indicate that . . . [9].
Smith [9] noted that . . .
If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well.
For example, if Brad Smith's earlier paper had cited Nisbet and Rostow, for example, it may look like this:
According to Smith [9], Nisbet and Rostow [18] argue . . .
Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number from the previous work.
"There are three forms of linear graphs: point-slope, standard and slope-intercept" [9, p. 3].
In the Reference list include:
[9] B. Smith, "An approach to graphs of linear form," unpublished, Oct. 2019.
Important: this is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:
The University of Chicago has developed several editions of the Chicago Manual of Style to aid authors in the preparation of manuscripts, which include referencing styles.
There are two systems outlined by the Chicago referencing style: Author-Date and Notes-Bibliography.
This guide use examples in the author-date system. The author-date system requires in-text citations within the paper, along with a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the paper.
RMIT University referencing guides (opens in a new window).
Use a reference list to include all of the publications you have acknowledged at the end of your work, and use the heading References or Reference List on a new page.
Below is an example of a reference list displaying various resource types including a book, DVD, journal article, legislation, newspaper article, social media entry and thesis.
Bolin, Mary K. 2017. The 21st Century Academic Library: Global Patterns of Organization and Discourse. Cambridge, MA: Chandos Publishing.
Detlor, Brian. 2010. "Information Management." International Journal of Information Management 30, no. 2: 103-08, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.12.001.
Dickson, Graham. “Immunology: Lecture 4,” ONPS2559: Clinical Immunology, (Melbourne, Vic: RMIT University, Aug 3, 2016). Vodcast/Podcast.
Domicile Act 1982 (Commonwealth). Consolidated, July 10, 2008. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/da198283/.
Fenna, Alan. 2004. Australian Public Policy. 2nd ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia.
Hitchcock, Alfred. 2001. “Crop Duster Attack,” North by Northwest, DVD. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1959. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video.
McMichael, Tony. 2005. "Rise of Deadly Disease is a Cultural Thing." The Sydney Morning Herald, October 17. Factiva.
Nelson, Renae S., and Philippe Valadon. 2017. "A Universal Phage Display System for the Seamless Construction of Fab Libraries." Journal of Immunological Methods 450 (November):41-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.07.011.
Stokes, Tim. 2014. “How to Manage a Business.” YouTube video, 8:23. Posted November 3. https://youtu.be/cKl-6u8Dcb0
Trask, Steven. 2017. “Adria Village Nursing Home Sanctioned After Aged Care Quality Agency Audit.” The Canberra Times, August 29.
Tudor, Ken. 2015. "Protecting Pets in Abusive Human Relationships." The Daily Vet, June 9. http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/ken-tudor/2015/june/pets-abusive-human-relationships-32819
Yousif, Kahlid. 2016. “3D Simultaneous Localization and Mapping in Texture-less and Structure-less Environments Using Rank Order Statistics.” Ph.D., RMIT University. https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/eserv/rmit:161775/Yousif.pdf
For a reference with one author, list the last name and year of publication.
Total Quality Management seeks to strengthen customer satisfaction by improving procedures, with continuous improvement and monitoring. Change is initiated by management, who provide leadership and a framework for employees to work within (Webb 2008)
Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year.
According to Webb (2008, 22) Total Quality Management "...placed strong emphasis on good and visionary leadership, with management being responsible for initiating change".
Author's Last name, First name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.
Webb, Jela. 2008. Strategic Information Management: A Practitioner's Guide. Oxford: Chandos.
For a reference with two or three authors, list the last names and year of publication.
Marketing research concentrates on peoples' changing preferences and what influences them (Megginson, Byrd & Megginson 2000)
The name of the first author is inverted and subsequent author’s names are given in the form in which they appear in the original source publication.
Author #1's Last Name, Author #1's First Name, and Author #2's First and Last Names. Year. Title of the Book: Sub-Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.
Megginson, William L, Mary Jane Byrd, and Leon C. Megginson. 2000. Small Business Management: An Entrepreneur's Guidebook. 3rd ed. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
When citing four or more authors list the last name for the first author only, followed by et al.
Making uncertain decisions risk the possibility of undesired results (Bartol et al. 2011)
Author #1's Last Name, Author #1's First Name, Author #2's First and Last Names, Author #3's First and Last Names and Author #4's First and Last Names, Year. Title of the Book : Subtitle of Book. Edition Number. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.
Bartol, Kathryn, Margaret Tein, Graham Matthews, Bishnu Sharma, and Brenda Scott-Ladd. 2011. Management Foundations: A Pacific Rim Focus. 3rd ed. North Ryde, NSW: McGraw-Hill Australia.
In-text citations do not include the edition number of a book.
Decision making resembles a mathematical mapping of input parameters into output decisions. All input parameters are premises with a value, which, when mapped together creates an output: the decision (Kizza 2014).
Include the edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." after the book title. There is no need to include edition information if no edition is mentioned.
Author's Last name, First name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.
Kizza, Joseph Migga. 2014. Computer Network Security and Cyber Ethics. 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
In citations from a chapter in an edited book, include the chapter author(s) and year.
Design can be a circular process where new ideas come into being, with the outcome often evading description until after the event (Glanville 2016).
Chapter Author’s Last name, First name. Year. "Title of Chapter". In Title of Book, Editors(s) names, ed., chapter page range. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.
Glanville, Ranulph. 2016. "Design Prepositions". In Design as Research: Positions, Arguments, Perspectives, edited by Gesche Joost, Katharina Bredies, Michelle Christensen, Florian Conradi and Andreas Unteidig, 153-165. Basel: Birkhauser.
If a publication issued by an organisation, association or corporation carries no personal author's name, the organisation may be listed as the author followed by the year of publication.
Standards and binding styles for magazines, journals and other printed publications can vary, and it is up to the binder to ensure a style that is fit for purpose is selected, and the standard is met (Australian Government Publishing Service 1995).
Name of Group/Organisation. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.
Australian Government Publishing Service. 1995. Australian Print Standards. Canberra: AGPS Press.
The in-text citation for an electronic book should be the same as a printed book.
"Regenerative Development" recognises the connections between environmental, social and economic elements and their relationship to each other (Edwards 2010, 89)
Author's Last name, First name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name. Media marker.
Edwards, Andres R. 2010. Thriving Beyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Society. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. ProQuest eBook Central.
When referencing a journal article include the author’s last name, year and a specific page range. Electronic sources do not always include page numbers - for such works it may be appropriate to cite a paragraph number or section heading.
While digital technology can be used to enhance care, it is important that systems and processes are considered and in place before the addition of technology (Binks 2017, 479).
Chicago recommends the addition of a URL or DOI following the citation.
Author's Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Title of Publication vol no, issue no: page number(s). doi:
Binks, Rachel. 2017. "District Nursing in the Digital Era." British Journal of Community Nursing 22, no. 10: 478-483. doi: 10.12968/bjcn.2017.22.10.478.
When referencing a journal article include the author’s last name, year and a specific page range.
. . .identifies internet technologies to support learning (Parikh 2002, 31).
Parikh (2002, 31) argues that. . .
Author's Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Title of Publication vol no, issue no: page number(s).
Parikh, Mihir. 2002. "Utilizing Internet Technologies to Support Learning: An Empirical Analysis." International Journal of Information Management 22, no. 1: 27-46.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.
According to Carey (2015) gas prices. . .
Gas prices in Victoria have increased due to shortages in supply (Carey 2015).
Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry.
Carey (2015, 2) states “The Coalition's argument is straight-forward; gas prices are too high because there is a gas shortage, but will fall once more gas is made available”.
Author's Last name, First name. Year. "Article Title," Publication Name, date.
Carey, Adam. 2015. "Gas Wars Fire up in Victoria as Consumers Feel the Heat", The Age, October 15.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.
Sources such as webpages or online newspaper articles do not always include page numbers - for such works it may be appropriate to cite a paragraph number or section heading. For example, Smith (2018, para. 2) notes. . .
Author's Last Name, First name. Year. "Article Title," Publication Name, Date of issue. URL.
Hannam, Peter. 2017. "How Twin Bursts of 'Unprecedented' Early-season Heat Scorched Eastern Australian." The Sydney Morning Herald, October 7, 2017. http://www.smh.com.au/environment/weather/how-twin-bursts-of-unprecedented-earlyseason-heat-scorched-eastern-australia-20171003-gyttd7.html.
Cite as you would for a book - for example "...the populist leader Sebastian Kurz, the world's youngest foreign minister, could become the world's youngest head of government at the age of 31" (Miller 2017).
Writer/presenter. "News Item Title". Program Title. Network. Date Broadcast. Type of broadcast.
Miller, Barbara. "New Face set to keep Austrian Conservatives in Power." Lateline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Thursday October 12, 2017. Television broadcast.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.
Sources such as webpages or online newspaper articles don't usually have page numbers. If you are quoting from these sources, it is necessary to use a paragraph number instead e.g. Smith (2018, para. 2) notes. . .
Writer/presenter."News Item Title". Program Title. Network. Date Broadcast. Type of broadcast. URL.
Long, Stephen. "Few Developments in Australia Have Aroused as Much Passion, as the Proposal by Indian Mining Colossus, Adani to Build a Giant Coal Mine in Queensland's, Galilee Basin." Four Corners. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Monday 2 October, 2017. Television Broadcast. http://search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/documentSummary;res=TVNEWS;dn=TSM201710020142.
The creator/producer family name and year is needed for an in-text citation.
To quote from audio-visual material use the format HH.MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma.
This was the crucial moment of the movie (Rowling and Columbus 2001, 00:34:45).
Producer's Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Production. Medium. Directed by Director(s). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Rowling, Joanne. K. and Chris Columbus. 2001. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. DVD. Directed by Chris Columbus. Neutral Bay, NSW: Warner Bros. Entertainment Australia.
The creator/producer family name and year is needed for an in-text citation.
To quote from audio-visual material use the format HH.MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).
"Title of podcast/vodcast," Year, Program, Medium, Date. URL.
"Episode 01: The Alibi." 2014. Serial, podcast audio, October 3. https://serialpodcast.org/season-one.
The creator/producer family name and year is needed for an in-text citation.
To quote from audio-visual material use the format HH.MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).
Producer's Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Episode." Title of Series, episode number, date aired. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Zsivanovits, Karin. "Julia Gillard Calls for More Preventative Mental Health Care," Big Ideas, aired 12, October 2017. (South Australia: ABC Radio National, 2017). Radio broadcast.
The creator/producer family name and year is needed for an in-text citation.
To quote from audio-visual material use the format HH.MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).
Poster’s Last Name, First Name. Year. Title, online video, Running length time. URL.
Stokes, Tim. 2014. How to Manage a Business. YouTube video, 8:23. https://youtu.be/cKl-6u8Dcb0.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.
For a website/blog post with no author, the title should be used instead.
If directly quoting from a source without a page number, use a paragraph number instead.
"The facade is dramatic but also mysterious, faceless, presenting white-painted brick and pine battens and with no visible openings" (Scrubt 2017, para. 3).
Author. Year. "Title of Webpage." Website name (owning organisation), Date viewed/accessed. URL.
Scrubt, Mark. 2017. "Iceberg Palace: Halo House." ArchitectureAU, accessed September 30, 2017. https://architectureau.com/articles/halo-house/.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.
For a website/blog post with NO author, the title should be used instead.
If directly quoting from a source without a page number, use a paragraph number instead.
There are many emerging literacies in academic libraries (Webber 2017).
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Blog. "Title of Blog Post," (blog). Date posted, Date accessed. URL.
Webber, Sheila. Information Literacy Weblog. "Call for Proposals: Emergent Literacies in Academic Libraries," (blog). October 10, 2017, accessed January 17, 2018. http://information-literacy.blogspot.com.au/2017/10/call-for-proposals-emergent-literacies.html.
Cite as you would for a book. Include a page number for an in-text citation if it's a direct quote.
Organisations may be identified by an abbreviation, if appropriate - e.g., ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics).
Name of Group/Organisation. Year. Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name. URL.
CSIRO. 2015. Climate Change in Australia: Projections for Australia’s NRM Regions. Canberra: CSIRO. https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/media/ccia/2.1.6/cms_page_media/168/CCIA_2015_NRM_TechnicalReport_WEB.pdf.
Cite as you would for a book. Include a page number for an in-text citation if it's a direct quote.
Standard Issuer Name. Year. Standard Title. Publisher (Standard Number).
Standards Australia. 2007. Temporary Fencing and Hoardings. SAI Global (AS 4687-2007).
Cite as you would for a book. Include a page number for an in-text citation if it's a direct quote.
Census data summary provides a snapshot of Australian population (ABS 2016).
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). Year. Title of Report. Cat. No._____. Place of Publication, Publisher. URL.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2016. Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census. Cat. No. 2071.0. Canberra: ABS. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2071.0.
Cite as you would for a book. Include a page number for an in-text citation if it's a direct quote.
Patent owner’s Last Name, First Name. Year. Patent title. Patent Number, file Month Day, Year and issued Month Day, Year.
Cook, Fred C., and William H. Donaldson. 2010. Mega Yacht Mass Tracking System with Articulating Sail Feeder. US Patent US20100282152A1, file May 7, 2009, and issued November 11, 2010.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.
The information from the government was not clearly evident (Office of the Australian Information Commissioner 2011).
Author’s Last Name, First Name or Organisation Name. Year. Fact Sheet Title. Place of Publication: Publisher. URL.
Office of the Australian Information Commissioner. 2011. FOI fact sheet 3: What information does the government hold?. Sydney: Australian Government. https://www.oaic.gov.au/freedom-of-information/foi-resources/foi-fact-sheets/foi-fact-sheet-3-what-information-held.
For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.
The lecture presented data communication and net-centric computing (Fry 2016).
Author’s Last Name, First Name. "Title of Lecture." Format. URL.
Fry, Andrew. "Lecture 2 - Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing". COSC1111: Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing (Melbourne, RMIT University, March 8, 2016). Powerpoint presentation. https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/set/Courses/Content/CSIT/oua/cpt250/chapter/02/documents/L2Internetworking.pdf.
You must reference all photographs and images used in your assignments.
Figure 3: "The Elephant Walks at Night" (Pinkston 2017)
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title/description of Image/Photograph". Format. URL.
Pinkston, Wayne. 2017. "The Elephant Walks at Night". Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pinks2000/38054867995/in/explore-2017-12-09/.
Examples of personal communication include:
Personal communications, including email, text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.
"There was no indication of any sickness" (V. Smith, personal communication September 10, 2017).
Information obtained from personal communication does NOT need to be included in the reference list, and should only be referenced in-text.
You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.
Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.
Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration. Opens in new window
If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper.
When paraphrasing, include your family name and year of previous work in brackets. Or, if referring to your family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of previous work in brackets immediately after your family name.
For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this:
Studies indicate that . . . (Smith 2018).
Smith (2018) noted that . . .
If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well. If Jane Smith's earlier paper had cited Presley and Johnson, for example, it may look like this:
According to Smith (2018), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (2009) . . .
Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number from the previous work.
'Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders' (Smith 2018, 3).
In the Reference list include:
Smith, Jane. 2018. "An analysis of personality theory", Unpublished paper, RMIT University, Melbourne.
