In-Text Citation: Direct quote

Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year.

Author’s Family Name Year of publication, page number

According to Webb (2008, 22), Total Quality Management "...placed strong emphasis on good and visionary leadership, with management being responsible for initiating change".

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication)

Total Quality Management seeks to strengthen customer satisfaction by improving procedures, with continuous improvement and monitoring. Change is initiated by management, who provide leadership and a framework for employees to work within. (Webb 2008)

Reference list

If no author is listed, use the name of the editor, translator, compiler, or composer. Place the relevant abbreviation after the name; ed., eds., trans., comp., or comps. Leave out the abbreviation for all in-text citations. See the first example below.

Bell, Adam, and Charles Traub, eds. 2015. Vision Anew: The Lens and Screen Arts. Oakland, California: University of California Press.

Webb, Jela. 2008. Strategic Information Management: A Practitioner's Guide. Oxford: Chandos.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year.

Chapter Author’s Family Name Year of publication, page

"American literature has contributed to shaping modern society.." (Thoreau 2016, 178).

"It's one of life's great tragedies that 'hippotherapy' has nothing to do with hippos..." (Baldwin 2021, 46).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

Chapter Author’s Family Name Year of publication

Design can be a circular process where new ideas come into being, with the outcome often evading description until after the event (Thoreau 2016).

Reference list

Baldwin, Alistair. 2021. “Hippotherapy.” In Growing Up Disabled in Australia, edited by Carly Findlay, 47-52. Melbourne: Black Inc.

Higgs, Malcolm. 2013. “Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions.” In The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work, edited by P. Alex Linley, Susan Harrington,and Nicola Garcea, 67-94. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jucker, Lodovico. 2012. "Ten Key Steps Towards Sustainable Fashion." In The Beautiful and the Good: Reasons for Sustainable Fashion, edited by Marco Ricchetti and Maria Luisa Frisa, 119-127. Venice: Marsilio Editori.

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

For ebooks, include the name of the database (for example ProQuest Ebook Central), URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier), or DOI-based URL. For other types of ebooks, name the application (eg. BorrowBox), device (eg. Kindle), or file format used (eg. PDF).

If the ebook can only be accessed with an account login, provide the database name.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year.

If there are no page numbers in the ebook, use chapter numbers or section headings.

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication, page number)

“Use leading lines to give your composition structure and draw the viewer to key elements” (Carroll 2014, 10).

“If you look for perfection, you will never be satisfied” (Tolstoy 1998, chap. 4).

“Photography is not bound by any obligation to reality; like any other art, it is a set of resources which can be put to a variety of uses” (Scott 1999, 22).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication)

Leading lines attract the viewer to key elements in a photo (Carroll 2014).

Reference list

Carroll, Henry. 2014. Read This If You Want To Take Great Photographs. London: Laurence King. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Scott, Clive. 1999. The Spoken Image: Photography and Language. London: Reaktion. Kindle ebook.

Tolstoy, Leo. 1998. Anna Karenina. Translated by Constance Garnett. USA: Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1399/1399-h/1399-h.htm.

• If a publication issued by an organisation, association or corporation carries no personal author's name, the organisation is listed as the author even if it is also given as publisher.

• To facilitate shorter in-text citations, the organisation may be listed under an acronym, in which case the reference entry must also use the acronym, followed by the organisation name in full in brackets. In this case, the reference list entry is alphabetized using the acronym (rather than the spelled-out name) in the reference list.

In-Text Citation: Direct quote

Page numbers are included when using a direct quote. After the organisation name or acronym add a comma then the page number.

(Organisation Name Year of publication, page number)

“Nought to Sixty in 2008 was a large and ambitious programme that presented 60 emerging artists based in Britain and Ireland” (Institute of Contemporary Arts 2009, 6).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Organisation Name Year of publication)

Rising artists based in Britain and Ireland participated in Nought to Sixty in 2008 (Institute of Contemporary Arts 2009).

Reference list

When the organisation-as-author and publisher are the same entity, include it in both places in the reference list entry.

ARC (Australian Research Council). 2017. ARC Open Access Policy. Version 2017.1. Canberra, ACT: Australian Research Council. https://www.arc.gov.au/policies-strategies/policy/arc-open-access-policy.

CSIRO. 2016. Australia 2030: Navigating our Uncertain Future. Canberra, ACT: CSIRO. https://www.csiro.au/en/Do-business/Futures/Reports/Australia-2030.

Gehl Architects. 1994. Perth 2009: Public Spaces and Public Life. Perth, WA: Department of Planning and Urban Developments.

Institute of Contemporary Arts. 2009. Nought to 60: 60 Projects, 6 months. London: Institute of Contemporary Art.

• Edition is included in the reference list entry but is not used for in-text citations.

In-Text Citation: Direct quote

• Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year.

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication, page number)

“When analyzing a visual message, tiny details within a frame should be studied first to discover how they create a different and often surprising whole” (Lester 2020, 54).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication)

Studying the details within a picture often reveals an unexpected visual message (Lester 2020).

Reference list

• Other types of editions may include revised edition rev.ed, and Asia-Pacific ed.

• Include the edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." after the book title.

• There is no need to include edition information if no edition is mentioned on or in the book.

• Edition number is not included for first edition books.

Beresford, Quentin, and Gary Partington. 2012. Reform and Resistance in Aboriginal Education: The Australian Experience. Rev. ed. Perth: University of Western Australia Press.

Lester, Paul Martin. 2020. Visual Communication: Images with Messages. 8th ed. Dallas, Texas: Lex Publishing.

• Include the translator’s name in the reference list entry however do not include in the in-text citations.

In-Text Citation: Direct quote

Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year.

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication, page number)

“What conceptions of the world does the child form at the different stages of its development” (Piaget 1929, 1).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication)

Piaget (1929) explores how children reason as well as their notion of reality.

Reference list

García Márquez, Gabriel. 1988. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016. In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Reference in the same way as other published books. If the author is unknown, reference using the editor(s) or the title. Information about the exhibition is included after the publication details.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

(Author's Family Name Year of publication, page)

"Fifty UK-based artists took part in the 2017 Bloomberg’s New Contemporaries exhibition" (Achaintre et al. 2017, 17).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author's Family Name Year of publication)

For her exhibition titled Sarah Charlesworth: Stills, the artist re-photographed images from newspapers (Witkovsky 2014).

Reference list

• Include the exhibition title and date that the publication is associated with.

• For exhibition catalogue with no author or editor, begin with title of exhibition.

Achaintre, Caroline, Elizabeth Price, George Shaw, and Kirsty Ogg, eds. 2017. Bloomberg's New Contemporaries 2017. London: New Contemporaries 1988 Ltd. Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same title, held at BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, Baltic 39, 29 Sep-26 Nov 2017, and Block 336, 27 Jan-3 Mar 2018.

Chaos & Order: 120 Year of Collecting at RMIT. 2018. Melbourne: RMIT Gallery, 2018. Published in conjunction with the exhibition of the same title, held at RMIT Gallery, 12 Apr-9 Jun 2018.

Witkovsky, Matthew S., ed. 2014. Sarah Charlesworth: Stills. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago. Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same title, organized by and presented at the Art Institute of Chicago, September 18, 2014–January 4, 2015.

Dictionary and encyclopedia entries are cited in a similar way to chapters from edited books. For dictionaries with no editors, use the dictionary title in italics in place of the author.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

If directly quoting from a source without a page number, use a paragraph number or section heading instead.

(Author/s family name year, page number)

"Australian masculinity is now multifaceted and a long way not only from its British convict and settler origins, but also from the hegemonic masculine formations in the first half of the twentieth century" (Moore and Crotty 2007, 33).

According to Cox, La Caze and Levine, "... the question turns on whether anything ties together the various traits associated with integrity in a coherent overarching conception of integrity... " (2021, under "6. Integrity as a virtue").

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author/s family name year)

The word integrity has a variety of definitions; even when examining it only in terms of a human virtue, writers disagree fundamentally on its meaning (Cox, La Caze and Levine 2021).

... diwangarna, meaning aeroplane in Ngarinyman ("Diwungarna" 2021).

Reference list

If the dictionary or encyclopedia is published online, include the web address of the section or DOI (if available) or database name (if the URL requires an account login).

If you viewed the work online, include an accessed date before the URL/DOI/database name.

When author/editor for a dictionary or encyclopedia section is unknown, use the section title in quotation marks in place of author names in the reference list entry.

Cox, Damian, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine. 2021. "Integrity." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , edited by Edward N. Zalta. Palo Alto: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Accessed May 5, 2022. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/integrity/.

Macquarie Concise Dictionary. 2020. 8th edition. Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers.

Moore, Clive, and Martin Crotty. 2007. "Australian masculinities." In International encyclopedia of men and masculinities, edited by Michael Flood, Judith Kegan Gardiner, Bob Pease and Keith Pringle, 31-33. London: Routledge.

"Diwungarna." 2021. In Ngarinyman to English Dictionary, edited by Caroline Jones, Eva Schultze-Berndt and Jessica Denniss, 93. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Accessed May 5, 2022. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Journals consulted online a DOI or URL link is required in the reference list for the journal article consulted. The DOI is given preference over a URL due to its stable nature. If there is no DOI, include the item’s URL.

When accessing electronic journal articles it is preferable to view them in PDF format because this will display page numbers.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

A page number is included in the in-text citation for a direct quote. After the author's name and year, add a comma then the page number.

(Author's Family Name Year of Publication,page).

McCarthy (2005) found that “Familiarity is reassuring. It constructs a set of rules and behaviors that make space accessible and able to be engaged with. Reassurance and safeness are sentiments associated with interiority because boundary conditions make promises of security” (117).

“The feminization of consumer culture occurred in parallel to professionalization and consequently helped to shape an uneven distribution of power across design disciplines” (Armstrong 2021, 9).

In-text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of Publication)

McCarthy (2005) stated that...

After analysing the data, McCarthy (2005) concluded...

Mining exports will continue to decline into the next decade (Jones 2021).

Reference list

For journal articles without an issue number, list the page number after the volume number separated by a colon e.g., 27: 102-170.

Where only the volume and a month or season is available, include this in place of the issue number e.g. 25 (May): 56-59.

A DOI is included in reference list entries of electronic journal articles. A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi-org.

If there is no DOI, use a URL in the reference list entry. Unless the URL requires an account login, in which case use the database name instead.

Chicago does not require access dates in the citations of electronic sources unless no date of publication can be determined.

Armstrong, Leah. 2021. “Fashions of the Future: Fashion, Gender, and the Professionalization of Industrial Design.” Design Issues 37, no. 3: 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00644.

Conforti, Claudia, Fabio Colonnese, Maria Grazia D'Amelio, and Lorenzo Grieco. 2021. “Designing in Real Scale: The Practice and Afterlife of Full-Size Architectural Models from Renaissance to Fascist Italy.” Architecture & Culture 9, no. 3: 442-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/20507828.2021.1876490.

Detlor, Brian. 2010. "Information Management." International Journal of Information Management 30, no. 2: 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.12.001.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum.” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.https://www.jstor.org/stable/26543680.

A page number is included in the in-text citation for a direct quote. After the author's name and year, add a comma then the page number.

In-Text Citation: Direct quote

(Author's Family Name Year of Publication, page).

“This film contains a juxtaposition of filmed objects to whose extraordinariness the filmmaker Alfred Guzzetti has called special attention” (Cavell 1978, 250).

“Raised general awareness in recent times has altered the intensity and breadth of consumer pressure on retailers for better environmental practices” (Zutshi, Creed and Holmes 2016, 842).

In-text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of Publication)

Escobedo (2021) stated that...

After analysing the data, Bagley (2015) concluded....

Mining exports will continue to decline into the next decade (Jones, 2021).

Reference list

For journal articles without an issue number, list the page number after the volume number separated by a colon e.g., 27: 102-170.

Where only the volume and a month or season is available, include this in place of the issue number e.g. 25 (May): 56-59.

Bagley, Benjamin. 2015. “Loving Someone in Particular.” Ethics 125, no. 2 (January): 477–507.

Cavell, Stanley. 1978. "What Becomes of Things on Film?" Philosophy and Literature 2, no. 2 (Fall): 249-57.

Zutshi, Ambika, Andrew Creed, Mary Holmes, and Jade Brain. 2016. "Reflections of Environmental Management Implementation in Furniture.” International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 44, no. 8: 840–859.

Escobedo, Frida. 2021. “Architecture Is Forever Unfinished” Journal of Visual Culture 20, no. 1: 48–59.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

(Author's Family Name Year, page)

The Author or Journalists family name, and year of publication is needed for an in-text citation.

If the author is unknown, use the name of the newspaper in italics instead e.g. (New York Times 2002).

For direct quotes, a page number can be included but is not necessary.

A journalist observed, “The Coalition's argument is straight-forward; gas prices are too high because there is a gas shortage, but will fall once more gas is made available” (Carey 2015, 2).

Carey writes, “The Coalition’s argument is straight-forward; gas prices are too high because there is a gas shortage, but will fall once more gas is made available” (2015, 2).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author's Family Name Year) OR Author's Family Name (Year)

According to Carey (2015) gas prices...

Gas prices in Victoria have increased due to shortages in supply (Carey 2015).

Reference list

For the reference list:

• If the author is unknown, begin the citation with the name of the newspaper in italics.

• The initial The from the name of the newspaper can be omitted.

• Include the title of the article title in quotation marks. If there is no title of the article, describe the type of article without quotation marks instead e.g. Obituary or Letter to the Editor.

• If a local newspaper has a common name which doesn't mention the region, or is less well known, the city or state can be added in parenthesis after the name e.g. Age (Melbourne). For national newspapers, the country can be included in the same way.

• You may include the specific edition of a newspaper if relevant. e.g. final edition; afternoon edition.

• Include the date of publication at the end of the citation in the format: Month DD, Year.

• Page numbers are not required in reference list entrees of newspaper articles.

Carey, Adam. 2015. “Gas wars fire up in Victoria as consumers feel the heat.” Age (Melbourne), October 15, 2015.

New York Times. 2002. “In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor.” July 30, 2002.

Newspaper titles are italicised.

Omit the initial The for English language newspaper titles. For example, (Guardian 2022).

If a newspaper article has no author listed, the title of the newspaper stands in place of the author and is italicised, followed by the year of publication. For example, (New York Times 2012).

For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry.

If the article can only be accessed with an account login, provide the web address of the publisher's homepage or provide the database name.

Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Sources such as webpages or online newspaper articles do not always include page numbers - for such unpaginated works, it may be appropriate to cite a paragraph number or section heading for in-text citations. For example, Smith (2018, para. 2) notes...

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

(Author Family Name Year, page or para. number or section)

A journalist wrote, “Swiss relief shading is internationally renowned, both for its accuracy and naturalistic approach” (Poll 2022, para. 9).

In his review of the Apple iPhone, Pegoraro noted, “it could be the product of an advanced, alien civilization” (2007, para. 1).

“Since you are the pack leader, they find a spot where they can protect you from any threats” (Szydlowski 2021, under “Settling at your feet”).

An art installation called Studio Outdoors doubles as a workspace with “brilliant green turf, lots of plants, fluorescent awnings, funky shade umbrellas and a variety of high-top tables and other seats” (Washington Post 2021, under “Studio Outdoors”).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author Family Name Year)

The Swiss Alps are melting, and the Swiss cartographers have a lot of work to do (Poll 2022).

According to Poll (2022), the Swiss cartographers’ jobs will be fully automated in about a year.

Reference list

Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post, July 5, 2007. ProQuest Central.

Poll, Zoey. 2022. "The People Who Draw Rocks." New York Times, March 16, 2022. ProQuest Central.

Szydlowski, Mike. 2021. “Why do dogs do that?: Discover the science behind your dog's strangest behaviors”. Asheville Citizen, June 12, 2021. ProQuest Central.

Washington Post. 2021. “Work where green grass grows”. September 24, 2021. Thomson Reuters Westlaw.

Video streamed from online platforms e.g. YouTube, websites, or accessed via library database.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

The creator’s family name and year of publication is needed for an in-text citation.

The creator will depend on the focus on your discussion and can include: user who uploaded the video, director, presenter, writer, or actor. Use channel names in full original order. For news broadcasts use the journalist or reporter’s name.

To quote from audiovisual material use the format HH:MM:SS as a pinpoint.

Brown states “you cannot selectively numb emotion” (2010, 00:15:12).

In the audio paper, Soddell describes the process of composing Love Songs as a “sonic meditation” (2018, 00:04:00).

BBC Business editor Simon Jack reported that “… since last year the price of white fish, of which Russia is a major supplier, is up fifty percent” (2022, 00:00:51).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Creator's Family Name Year of publication)

(Never Too Small 2018)

(Brown 2010)

Reference list

For the reference list:

• Titles of videos hosted on online platforms such a YouTube are enclosed in quotation marks. Titles of films or television programs are italicised.

• Include additional information about the original event, source, or contributors after Title of Video if relevant to your discussion.

• Include the name of the host website or streaming platform, followed by 'video', and duration. Alternatively 'Online video' can be used.

• Include an accessed date and URL at the end of the citation.

• For news broadcasts begin the citation with the name of the journalist or reporter. Include the title of news segment and name of the news program

Brown, Brené. 2010. “The Power of Vulnerability.” Filmed June 2010 in Houston, TX. TED video, 20:49. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability.

Jack, Simon. 2022. BBC News: Business. “Why your fish and chips may cost a lot more.” Filmed and edited by Samantha Everett. Produced by Ollie Smith. Aired March 17, 2022. Online video, 02:29. Accessed March 21, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-60762921.

Never Too Small. 2018. “Never Too Small 1970’s Melbourne Tiny Apartment – 35sqm/370sqft.” YouTube video, 3:06. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://youtu.be/l3yHLikvjPU.

Soddell, Thembi. 2018. “Love Songs.” Featuring Vanessa Godden. Disclaimer video, 39.48. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://disclaimer.org.au/contents/love-songs.

Video recordings of films, movies accessed on DVD or other physical medium, or streamed online.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

The director's family name and year of release is needed for an in-text citation.

To quote from audiovisual material use the format HH:MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).

…a crucial moment of the documentary (Bricker 2009, 02:06:36).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Director's family name Year)

(Scott 1982)

(Fellini 1960)

In the film Tim's Vermeer Teller explores... (2013)

Reference list

For the reference list:

• Roles are abbreviated e.g. dir. for director, and prod. for producer.

• Include the original year of release. If unknown use the year of distribution or copyright.

• Film titles are italicised. Scene or chapter titles are enclosed in quotation marks.

• For films sourced on DVD/ VHS include place of publication, studio/distributor, (and year of publication if different from original release date) followed by medium at the end of the citation.

• For films streamed online include the duration, an accessed date, and URL/ name of the streaming service or library database at the end of the citation.

• If the URL requires an account login, use the database name instead.

Film on DVD:

Fellini, Federico, dir. 1960. “Fountain Scene.” La Dolce Vita. Sydney, NSW: Umbrella Entertainment, 2005. DVD.

Scott, Ridley, dir. 1982. Blade Runner. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2006. DVD.

Film streamed online:

Bricker, Eric, dir. 2009. Visual Acoustics: The Modernism of Julius Shulman. Shulman Project Partners. Kanopy video, 01:23:00. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.kanopy.com/product/visual-acoustics.

Teller, Raymond Joseph, dir. 2013. Tim's Vermeer. EduTV video, 01:16:27. Accessed July 4, 2021. Informit EduTV.

Program or series aired on television, broadcast live, streamed online, or accessed via library database

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

The creator's family name and year of publication is needed for an in-text citation.

The creator can include: director, presenter, writer, producer, or actor, depending on the focus of your discussion.

To quote from audiovisual material use the format HH:MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma.

"Reproductions distort. Only a few facsimilies don't" (Berger 1972, 08:02).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Creator's family name Year)

(Perkins 2014)

In the episode of Grand Designs… (McCloud 2017)

Reference list

For the reference list:

• Program titles are italicised, episode titles are enclosed in quotation marks.

• Include additional contributors if relevant between the Title of Episode and the Aired Date.

• Include place and publisher/distributor followed by medium if viewed on DVD.

• Include an accessed date for any online material.

• Include a URL, name of streaming service, or library database at the end of the citation if viewed online.

Berger, John, presenter. 1972. Ways of Seeing. “Part 1: Reproductions.” Produced by Michael Dibb. Aired January 8, 1972, on BBC. Accessed July 4, 2021. RMIT Digital Collections.

McCloud, Kevin, presenter. 2017. Grand Designs. Season 18, episode 7, “Peak District: Post-Industrial House.” Aired October 18, 2017, on Channel 4. Television Broadcast.

Perkins, Hetti, writer and presenter. 2014. Art and Soul. Season 2, episode 3, “Love and Longing.” Directed by Steven McGregor. Aired July 22, 2014, on ABC TV. Sydney, NSW: Arthouse Films. DVD.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

The presenter’s family name and year of broadcast is needed for an in-text citation.

To quote from audiovisual material use the format HH:MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).

(Presenter's Family Name Year, HH:MM:SS) OR Presenter's Family Name (Year, HH:MM:SS)

In the introduction of his segment on mental illness, Paul Barclay states that "[a]round half of the Australian population will most likely experience a mental illness in their lifetime" (2017, 00:00:11).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Presenter’s Family Name Year)

In the 2017 Hawke Lecture, Julia Gillard addressed the need for mental health reform in the form of preventative mental health care (Barclay 2017).

Reference list

Barclay, Paul. 2017. "Julia Gillard Calls for More Preventative Mental Health Care." October 12, 2017. In Big Ideas. Adelaide, SA: ABC Radio National. Radio broadcast.

Audio podcasts, vodcasts, and webcasts.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

The presenter’s family name and year of publication is needed for an in-text citation.

Year recorded or uploaded can be used as the year of publication.

To quote from audiovisual material use the format HH:MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).

(Presenter's Family Name Year, HH:MM:SS) OR Presenter's Family Name (Year, HH:MM:SS)

At first glance, Adnan and Hae Min's relationship is akin to "a Shakespearean mash-up" (Koenig 2014, 00:06:02).

Mars describes the Boston City Hall as "always a controversial structure" (2020, 00:00:43).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Presenter's Family Name Year)

Koenig addresses the difficulty in accounting for one's time which is at the heart of The Alibi (Koenig 2014).

The Boston City Hall's controversial architecture is the genius of its architects (Mars 2020).

Reference list

Koenig, Sarah. 2014. “The Alibi.” Season 1, episode 1. October 3, 2014. In Serial. Produced by Sarah Koenig, Julie Snyder, and Dana Chivvis. Podcast, 52:00. Accessed July 9, 2021. https://serialpodcast.org/season-one/1/the-alibi.

Mars, Roman. 2020. “The Smell of Concrete After Rain.” Episode 400. April 28, 2020. In 99% Invisible. Produced by Avery Trufelman. Podcast, 29:15. Accessed July 9, 2021. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-smell-of-concrete-after-rain.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

The creator’s family name and year of publication is needed for in-text citations.

The creator can include the recording artist, composer, or performer depending on the focus of your discussion. For group names e.g. bands, use name in full original order.

Year of recording or copyright can be used as the year of publication.

To quote from audiovisual material use the format HH:MM:SS as a pinpoint.

The introduction of dissonant flutter-tonguing in the brass is effective in emulating bleating sheep in the 2nd Varient (Strauss 1940, 00:10:34).

"But promises can be broken, just like writing in the sand" is a direct reference to the Australian government's failure to honour promises made to its Indigenous peoples (Yothu Yindi 1991, 00:00:33).

Hazelwood's line "...maybe I'll tell you about Phaedra, and how she gave me life, and how she made it end" serves as a call to Sinatra's response of "Phaedra is my name" (Sinatra and Hazelwood 1968, 00:00:43).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Creator's Family Name Year)

Strauss' Don Quixote is unique as a symphonic piece in that the soloists play characters, in this case the celloist is Don Quixote (Strauss 1940).

The Hawke government's failure to honour its promise to the Indigenous people, is at the heart of "Treaty" (Yothu Yindi 1991).

With its psychedelic nature and references to Greek mythology, "Some Velvet Morning" was a departure from the country and pop tunes Hazelwood and Sinatra had recorded previously (Sinatra and Hazelwood 1968).

Reference list

For the reference list:

• Titles of songs or short pieces are enclosed in quotation marks. Titles of albums are italicised.

• Include additional contributors after the Title of Recording if relevant to discussion.

• Include additional information such as identifying number or release date after the publisher to distinguish between similar recordings if possible.

• Include an accessed date and URL or name of streaming service at the end of the citation if sourced online.

Sinatra, Nancy, and Lee Hazelwood. 1968. “Some Velvet Morning.” Track 8 on Nancy and Lee. Reprise RS-6273. 33⅓ rpm.

Strauss, Richard. 1940. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991. CD.

Yothu Yindi. 1991.“Treaty - Radio Mix.” Track 15 on Tribal Voice. Bloodlines, 2012. Spotify streaming audio. https://open.spotify.com/track/0RGD7VXcMiPGmnha3vXSt3?si=3a405ec23ae341d5.

In-text citation

The composer’s family name and year of publication is needed for in-text citations

For direct quotes include a page number after the year, preceded by a comma.

(Reich 1980)

Stravinsky (1921)

Reference list

Include an accessed date and URL/ Database name for online scores.

Reich, Steve. 1980. Four Organs. London: Universal Edition. Accessed July 29, 2021. Alexander Street.

Stravinsky, Igor. 1921. The Rite of Spring. New York: Boosey and Hawkes.

• Chicago requires an access date in citations of websites and other sources consulted online only if no date of publication or revision can be determined from the source (see 14.12 of the Chicago Manual). In those cases that is, when only an access date is used record n.d. as the date of publication in the reference list entry and for the in-text citation. To avoid conflation with the name of the author, n.d. is always lowercase.

• Websites are created by individuals, companies, governments and other organisations. If no individual author is identified, use the organisation name as the author. If no organisation is identified either, use the webpage title in the place of the author name.

In-Text Citation: Direct quote

• If directly quoting from a source without a page number, use a paragraph number or section heading instead.

(Author’s Family Name or Organisation Year of publication, page number or paragraph number or heading name).

"The facade is dramatic but also mysterious, faceless, presenting white-painted brick and pine battens and with no visible openings" (Scrubt 2017, para. 3).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name or Organisation Year of publication)

Scrubt (2017) commented on the façade of the building…

The façade of the building has a mysterious look (Scrubt 2017).

Reference list

Alliance for Linguistic Diversity. n.d. “Balkan Romani.” Endangered Languages. Accessed April 6, 2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342.

Australian Society for Indigenous Languages. n.d. "Supporting Indigenous Language Communities." Australian Society for Indigenous Languages. Accessed July 26, 2018. http://www.ausil.org.au/.

Scrubt, Mark. 2017. "Iceberg Palace: Halo House." ArchitectureAU. Accessed September 30, 2017. https://architectureau.com/articles/halo-house/.

• Use for stand-alone documents that are downloaded from a website.

• If page numbers are not given, use paragraph number or section headings.

• Web documents are created by individuals, companies, governments and other organisations. If no individual author is identified, use the organisation name as the author. If no organisation is identified either, use the webpage title in the place of the author name.

• If no publication date can be identified, use n.d. in lowercase in place of a year in both the intext citation and the reference list.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

(Author's Family Name OR Organisation Name Year, page)

"Epidemiology can inform or drive implementation science by supplying evidence on causes of disease and effective interventions as well as informing study methods, measurement, and designs" (Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence 2017, 23).

"Several respondents questioned the reason for inclusion of ectromelia virus as an agent of quarantine concern" (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry 2003, para. 2).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author's Family Name OR Organisation Name Year)

Unlike laboratory experiments, epidemiology provides evidence based on studies of human populations under real-world conditions (Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence 2017).

Reference List

Australia. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2003. Quarantine Requirements for the Importation of Live Laboratory Rats and Mice and Their Reproductive Material. http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/13822/2003-06a.pdf.

Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence. 2017. NSW Mothers and Babies Report 2016. Sydney: NSW Health. http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/hsnsw/Publications/mothers-and-babies-2016.pdf.

For a blog post with no author, the title should be used instead.

In-Text Citation: Direct quote

If directly quoting from a source without a page number, use a paragraph number or section heading instead.

(Author’s Family Name Year of Publication, page number paragraph number or section heading)

“Subcultures have been allowed to flourish online, growing at unprecedented speed thanks to the reach of social media” (Lai and Bakshi 2021, para. 2).

“During the enforced stay in Melbourne, Charles explored the region and realised that there was potential for his business here” (“Aerial Views of Melbourne by Charles Daniel Pratt” 2017, para. 3).

“The local version goes one step further, adding six campaign buttons pinned to Fraser’s lapel: fellow conservative politicians ... each with an ice cream stuck to their forehead” (Riley 2022, under “Brain freeze”).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of Publication).

Subcultures such as regencycore, VSCO girl, and dark academia have grown quickly due to social media sites such as TikTok (Lai and Bakshi 2021).

… originated in 1972 when Stanley Mouse and Alton Kelley designed an album cover for The Grateful Dead (Riley 2022).

Over 1300 of Pratt’s aerial photographs were digitised and shared online by the State Library of Victoria (“Aerial Views of Melbourne by Charles Daniel Pratt” 2017).

Reference list

The word blog is added in brackets after the title of the blog, unless the word blog is part of the title.

“Aerial Views of Melbourne by Charles Daniel Pratt.” 2017. State Library of Victoria Blog. June 26, 2017. Accessed April 12, 2022. https://blogs.slv.vic.gov.au/arts/photography/aerial-views-of-melbourne-by-charles-daniel-pratt.

Lai, Gladys, and Pema Bakshi. 2021. "5 TikTok Fashion Trends Everyone is Wearing IRL." Vogue (blog). May 28, 2021. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/trends/4-tiktok-fashion-trends-everyone-is-wearing-irl/image-gallery/74b88974bd06733c65153ae0897316db.

Riley, Margot. 2022. “Take 5 ice creams.” State Library of New South Wales: Blogs. January 28, 2022. Accessed April 12, 2022. https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/blogs/take-5-ice-creams.

As social media content is usually untitled, use the text of the post itself (up to 160 characters) in place of a title.

If an author's screen-name is available, include it in parentheses after their name. If only the screen-name is known, use that instead of the author's name.

Include the name of the social media site, and if relevant, include the type of post (photo, video) as in the Twitter example below.

Social media comments should be cited in reference to the related post.

Private content, including direct messages, should be cited as personal communication.

In-Text Citation: Direct quote

(Author’s Family Name Year posted)

“At the most important moments leading actors froze in a dramatic pose and extreme facial expression known as mie” (National Gallery of Victoria 2021).

“How fitting, and symbolic of progress” (Tame 2021).

“Consent isn’t about milkshakes or shifting lines. It’s an ongoing conversation with respect at its core” (Ford 2021).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year posted)

Kabuki theatre began in the seventeenth century in Kyoto (National Gallery of Victoria 2021).

For the first time in the 100 year history of the Archibald prize, the finalists included an equal number of men and women (Tame 2021).

In her post, Ford (2021) implied that the Australian government’s video regarding consent was confusing.

Reference List

National Gallery of Victoria. 2021. “1 MIN READ: Take a moment to learn about Kabuki theatre with NGV Senior Curator of Asian Art, Wayne Crothers.” Facebook, August 25, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/NGVMelbourne/posts/10159547500576163.

Tame, Grace (@tamepunk). 2021. "“Making Noise” Kirsty Neilson—for this year’s Archibald Prize". Instagram photo, May 27, 2021. https://www.instagram.com/p/CPXh8CRLJTE/.

Ford, Clementine (@clementine_ford). 2021. “Let’s have a conversation about consent! with Clementine Ford." Twitter video, April 27, 2021. https://twitter.com/clementine_ford/status/1386832309777616898.

An author can be a person, a group of persons (a committee or named individuals), a government department or a government agency.

Government departments and agencies may be cited in-text using their acronym; in which case the matching reference list entry must also use the acronym in place of the organisation-as-author, followed by the full name in brackets; the reference list entry must be alphabetised using the abbreviation (rather than the spelled-out name), as in the ARC example.

However, where an organisation is commonly known by its acronym (such as CSIRO, Qantas, NASA), list the acronym in the reference list without the full name in brackets, as in the CSIRO example.

The publisher and author should be recorded as they appeared when the document was originally published. Do not alter the name of the government department or agency if they have changed since it was published.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

(Author's Family Name or Organisation Name or Organisation acronym year, page)

Additionally, “the impact on older carers may be exacerbated by factors such as their own age-related health problems, given that around half of all older carers (55%) had a disability themselves” (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012, 17).

“Data improvement, including new and improved data capture and linkage of available data, is crucial in order to provide a reliable basis for further policy development and for service delivery models aimed at supporting older people” (AIHW 2021, 223).

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, between 1981 and 2011 “the proportion of farmers aged 55 years and over increased from 26% to 47%, while the proportion of farmers aged less than 35 years fell from 28% to just 13%” (2012, 3).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author's Family Name or Organisation Name or Organisation acronym year)

A large majority of Australians who intended to migrate permanently overseas actually returned to Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012).

… thereby meeting the open access requirements for research outputs (ARC 2017).

In terms of women in leadership, whether in business or government, Australia has been left behind by other countries, as reported by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012).

Reference list

The report or document title must be in italics.

When the organisation-as-author and publisher are the same entity, include it in both places in the reference list entry.

For hard copy versions of government publications, omit the URL.

If there is no place of publication, publisher or report number for a report, leave it out of your reference.

AIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare). 2021. Australia’s welfare 2021 data insights. Australia’s welfare series no. 15. Cat. no. AUS 236. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/ef5c05ee-1e4a-4b72-a2cd-184c2ea5516e/aihw-aus-236.pdf.aspx.

ARC (Australian Research Council). 2017. ARC Open Access Policy. Version 2017.1. Canberra, ACT: Australian Research Council. https://www.arc.gov.au/policies-strategies/policy/arc-open-access-policy.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Australian Social Trends, December 2012. Cat. no. 4102.0. Canberra, ACT: Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features1Dec%202012?OpenDocument.

CSIRO. 2016. Australia 2030: Navigating our Uncertain Future. Canberra, ACT: CSIRO. https://www.csiro.au/en/Do-business/Futures/Reports/Australia-2030.

If there are no personal author details, list the publishing organisation as the author.

If the resource can only be accessed with an account login, provide the web address of the publisher's homepage or provide database name.

If using a print standard, omit the URL or database name.

In-text Citation: Direct Quote

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication, page number)

As specified in Standards Australia (2009, 12) "each thimble in a sling shall comply with AS 1138."

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of publication)

(Standards Australia 2009) Or As claimed in Standards Australia (2009) ...

Reference list

Standards Australia/Standards NZ. 2019. Geographic Information – Reference Model – Imagery. AS/NZS ISO 19101.2:2019. Sydney: SAI Global. https://www.saiglobal.com.

Standards Australia. 2009. Wire-Rope Slings: Product Specification. AS 1666.1-2009. Sydney: SAI Global. https://www.saiglobal.com.

Patents are cited under the names of the creators and dated by the year of issue.

If you are directly quoting from an original source, include a page number or timestamp for the in-text citation. If you are paraphrasing into your own words, do not include a page number for the in-text citation.

In-text Citation: Direct Quote

(Creator's Family Name Year issued, Page number or Timestamp) OR Creator's Family Name (Year issued, Page number or Timestamp)

For more than four (4) Creators, use Creator1 Family Name et al

Limiting pins are needed to “...limit the movement of a given hinge track with respect to the neighboring hinge track...” (Cook and Donaldson 2010, 11).

Bell (1876, 3) describes the first part of this invention as “ employment of a vibratory or undulatory current of electricity in contradistinction to a merely intermittent or pulsatory current...".

(Estrada et al 2017, 15)

In-text Citation: Paraphrase

(Creator's Family Name year issued) OR Creator's Family Name within text (Year) OR Creator's Family Name within text and (Year) at end of text.

For more than four (4) Creators, use Creator1 Family Name et al

The invention addresses the difficulties in furling and reefing large sails (Cook and Donaldson 2010).

Bell’s invention (1876) brought the transmission of electricity into the modern age.

Kinloch, Young and Gong’s experiments with the combining of various materials resulted in their creation of, and subsequent patent application for, the invention of graphene composites (2016).

(Estrada et al 2017)

Reference list

For one (1) Creator:

Bell, Alexander Graham. 1876. Improvement in telegraphy. U.S. Patent 174465A, filed February 14, 1876, and issued March 7, 1876. https://www.google.com/patents/US174465.

For two (2) Creators:

Cook, Fred C., and William H. Donaldson. 2010. Mega Yacht Mass Tracking System with Articulating Sail Feeder. US Patent US20100282152A1, filed May 7, 2009, and issued November 11, 2010.https://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=3&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=%22mega+yacht%22&s2=%22sail+feeder%22&OS=%22mega+yacht%22+AND+%22sail+feeder%22&RS=%22mega+yacht%22+AND+%22sail+feeder%22.

For three (3) Creators:

Kinloch, Ian, Robert Young, and Lei Gong. 2016. Graphene Composites. Australian application number 2016222482, filed September 2, 2016, and issued September 22, 2016. https://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2016222482.

For four (4) to ten (10) Creators:

Estrada, Diana, Pilar Jones, Mark Taylor, Joseph Stopp, Matthew Highton, and Raymond Depp. 2017. Turbine for hair dryer. AU12345678A1, filed January 1, 2016, and issued January 30, 2017. https://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo+12345678.

For eleven (11) or more Creators, list up to seven (7) Creators and end with et al:

Tamworth, Natalie, Oliver Poole, Hugh McCrae, Brian Webber, Marian Kwok, Caroline Skims, Paul Romany et al. 2020. Method for cultivating seeds. U.S. Patent 123456789A1, filed October 1, 2019, and issued October 31, 2020. https://www.google.com/patents/US123456789A1.

Chicago style uses the terminology 'illustrations' or 'figures' when including visual images presented separately from text sources.

'Figures' includes the following image types:

• Charts or Graphs

• Paintings, drawings, photographs, or other art works

When including reproduced images of diagrams, graphs, maps, photographs within your work, a caption provides a description or an explanation of the contents of the illustration. Captions are usually positioned below the illustration and include a figure number. See Captions section of this guide for further information.

When referring to an image in the text of your assignment, give a short citation consisting of the name of the artist/creator/author and the date.

Citations are also influenced by the location of where you found the image or creative work. Where possible, cite the original rather than a reproduction.

Visual images from books, articles, and other sources that you refer to but do not reproduce should be cited in the standard format of the source as described in the other sections of this guide.

Visual materials that you use in your assignment or for study purposes do not need the copyright permissions that are required for publishing or commercial use. However, it is essential that you give credit to the creator of the work and reference it in your work.

If you refer to any visual material, i.e. art, design or architecture, you have seen in person and you are not including an image of it in your document, provide a detailed in-text citation ie.(Georgia O'Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin)

Rules for Reference List

Image reproduced in a book

Author's Family Name, Given Name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.

Image from a database

Artist Family Name, First name. Year. Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher. medium (if appropriate), length of work (if appropriate). Database Name.

Online image/artwork

Artist or Creator, A. Year. Title: Subtitle. medium (if appropriate). Place: Publisher. URL.

Original image/artwork (viewed in a gallery or collection)

Artist Family Name, Artist Given Name. Year of production. Title of Artwork. Medium, dimensions (if available). Collection or exhibition, Place of collection or exhibition.

Artwork viewed online

In-Text Citation

Artist’s Family Name (Year of publication)

Max Dupain's (1937) photographic work Sunbaker captures the head and shoulders of a man lying on a beach in New South Wales.

Burn (1861) captures Swanston Street in the 1800's and the neoclassical architecture of the time.

Reference list

Burn, Henry. 1861. Swanston Street from the Bridge. Oil on canvas. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4294/.

Dupain, Max. 1937. Sunbaker. Photograph. Photograph. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/7621/.

Pinkston, Wayne, 2017.The Elephant Walks at Night. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pinks2000/38054867995/in/explore-2017-12-09/.

Artwork viewed in person

If you are referring to the actual artwork and you are not including the image in your document, you only need to provide a detailed in text citation. Include the following information:

• artist or designer

• title of the work

• year of creation of work

• type of materials (optional)

• dimensions of the work (if available)

• location of item, e.g. name institution that houses the work, or city the building is in

Works viewed in person, e.g. at art galleries, museums, and public spaces, are cited to acknowledge their influence on the development of your own ideas or work.

In-Text Citation

Artist’s Family Name, Title of work, Year of production, type of materials (optional), dimensions of the work (if available), location of item, e.g. name institution that houses the work, or city the building is in

The Cliff Chimneys is an oil on canvas painting depicting the form of the cliffs using bushes, trees, branches, ponds..(Georgia O'Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin).

Reference list

Anadol, Refik. 2020. Quantum Memories. AI Data Sculpture, Custom software, quantum computing data, generative algorithm with artificial intelligence (AI), real time digital animation on LED screen, 4 channel sound, 10m x 10m x 2.5m. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.

O'Keeffe,Georgia. 1938. The Cliff Chimneys. Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin.

Pollock, Jackson. 1952. Blue poles. Oil, enamel, aluminium paint, glass on canvas. National Gallery of Australia.

Artwork from a publication

When citing an image or artwork from a book, article, or other publication, cite the author of that source and provide the page number where the image is located. You may wish to refer to the artist’s name in the text of your work.

In-Text Citation

Author’s Family Name Year of publication

"O'Keeffe became inspired by New Mexico's natural beauty in 1917 when she travelled from Texas to vacation in Colorado" (Buhler, Poling-Kempes and Turner 2004, 89).

Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narrative explores attitudes and emotional responses to contemporary challenges (Darian-Smith 1993).

Reference list

Create the reference list entry according to the rules for the source. List authors in the order in which they appear in the source. The first-listed name is inverted - Family Name, Given Name. The rest of the names are written as - Given Name Family Name.

Baratay, Eric and Elisabeth Hardouin Fugier. 2002. Zoo. London: Reaktion Books.

Buhler Lynes, Barbara, Lesley Poling-Kempes and Frederick W. Turner. 2004. Georgia O'Keeffe and New Mexico: A Sense of Place. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Darian-Smith, Kate, Kay Schaffer, and Roslyn Poignant. 1993. Captured Lives: Australian Captivity Narratives. London: Menzies Centre for Australian Studies Monograph, University of London.

• When including diagrams, graphs, maps, photographs, etc. within your assignment, a caption provides a description or an explanation of the contents of the visual image. Captions provide a description of the visual images in your work.

• A figure number is used in the caption to identify each visual work. These figures are numbered sequentially in the order in which they appear.

• Number figures consecutively in italics throughout your work using Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3 and so on, taking care to order them as they appear within the text.

• The first figure is labelled Figure 1, the second, Figure 2, the third, Figure 3 and so on.

Captions for Artworks/Images

Figure number. Artist’s Given Name Artist’s Family Name, Title of work, Year produced. Medium, Dimensions, Source - Publishing details of where you found it, URL.

Example 1

Figure 1. Author unknown, Design for Coach: no. 3022, 1874. Pen and black ink, watercolor and gouache with gum arabic, 18.1 x 24.8 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/378235.

Example 2

Figure 2. Artist unknown, Tapestry with Dragons and Flowers, 11-12th C., Silk tapestry, 53.3 x 33 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39733?.

Or if located in a book

Figure 2. Artist unknown, Tapestry with Dragons and Flowers, 11-12th C., Silk tapestry, 53.3 x 33 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, in Alicia Jaynes and James Liaw, Weaving in silk, (London: Periwinkle Press: 1968), 37.

In-Text Citation

Make sure you refer to the figure in your writing and include the figure number. The word figure is always written in full and lower case, except when in parentheses when it is abbreviated (fig. 1).

American carriage manufacturers Brewster & Co., were highly regarded for design, finish and quality as illustrated in the drawing Design for Coach, no. 3022 (1874, fig.1)

Captions for your own Work

• Images you create of your own work are not usually referenced. However, a caption such as “Figure 2. Illustration by author” or “Figure 3. Draft sketches” might be appropriate when other images in your assignment are referenced.
• See AI-generated content in this style guide for examples of how to caption an image you produce using an AI tool.

Figure number. Description or explanation.

Figure 1. Author’s photograph showing design development.

Copyright information for the coach image

This coach image (opens in a new tab) was sourced from the website of the Met museum where it is listed as Open access: Public domain.

Copyright information for the tapestry image

This Dragon tapestry image (opens in a new tab) was sourced from the website of the Met museum where it is listed as Open access: Public domain.

Reproducing a table

• When referencing a table from a book, an article or other sources, provide the page number where the table is located in text citation.

• Assign a table number, title and description to each table you place in your document. The table number, title and description go above the table ie. Table 1, 2, 3 etc.

• Acknowledge the original citation directly underneath the table.

Begin with the word 'Source: ' or Sources:', in italics, followed by a colon, then followed by:

• 'Reprinted from' if you copy the table exactly as found in the original source; or

• 'Adapted from' if you have adapted or changed the table from the original source; or

• 'Data from' if you have used the data from another source in your own table.

• If you are writing for a journal, conference paper, thesis, website, etc. you must obtain written permission from the copyright owner to reuse the table in your work, and state the permission in the source note as: Source: Reprinted with permission from ...

• Tables should be referred to in the text of your assignment by the table number you have used in your assignment so that your reader understands why you have included them.

Example - Adapting a table from a published journal article:

Table 1: Data for end of life nursing care

Source: Reprinted from Susan E. Lowey, Nursing Care at the End of Life (Geneseo, NY: Open SUNY Textbooks, 2015), table 3.1, http://pressbooks.opensuny.org/nursingcare. Copyright 2015 by Susan E. Lowey (Creative Commons).

In-Text Citation

Author's Last Name/s Year of Publication, page number, table or graph number

As shown in Table 1, a basic foundation of understanding death and dying, including a brief historical examination of some main conceptual models associated with how patients cope with impending loss (Lowey 2015, 205, table 3.1).

As shown in Table 1, the average rainfall in Brisbane …

The average rainfall in Brisbane in February (see Table 1)…

Reference List

If for a book:

Chavas, Jean-Paul, David Hummels, and Brian D. Wright, eds. 2014. The Economics of Food Price Volatility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Reproducing or adapting a figure (chart, graph or other visual representation of data)

Below the figure insert a caption begin with the word 'Source: ' or Sources:', in italics, followed by a colon, then followed by:

• 'Reprinted from' if you copy the exactly as found in the original source; or

• 'Adapted from' if you have adapted the data from the original source in your own chart or graph; or

• 'Data from' if you have used the data from another source in your own chart or graph.

In-Text Citation

When citing a figure in-text include a reference to your own figure number and credit the author's figure as it appeared in the original source.

(Author’s or Editor’s Surname Year of publication, page or pages, figure number)

As shown in Figure 1, ... (Sobel 1993, 87, figure 5.3).

Reference List

Follow the reference list rules for the type of resource you are citing ie. book, journal etc.

Sobel, Richard ed., 1993. Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield.

An access date is only included in the reference list entry if no date of publication or revision can be determined from the source. In those cases—that is, when only an access date is used—record n.d. as the date of publication.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

(Author family name OR Organisation name Year of publication, page number or section heading)

… lowest annual rainfall of 388.7 millilitres recorded in 1967 at Melbourne Botanical Gardens weather station (Bureau of Meteorology 2022, 1).

“The difference between the Average Weekly Cash Earnings and Average Weekly Earnings series is the average weekly amount salary sacrificed” (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020, under “Explanatory notes”).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Author family name OR Organisation name Year of publication)

Rainfall in February 2022 was amongst the lowest recorded for the month since 1964 when measurements began at the Melbourne Botanical Gardens weather station (Bureau of Meteorology 2022).

Reference List

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2020. ‘Table 15: Average weekly cash earnings, Australia by sector (dollars) – original.’ 6302.0 Average Weekly Earnings, Australia, May 2020. Dataset. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/earnings-and-working-conditions/average-weekly-earnings-australia/may-2020.

Bureau of Meteorology. 2022. ‘Melbourne Botanical Gardens.’ Station number 86232. Monthly rainfall. Dataset. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/?ref=ftr.

Fact sheets are often authored and published by government departments, government agencies and organisations. They can be cited and referenced using their acronym, as for government reports.

In-text Citation: Direct Quote

(Author Family Name or Organisation Name or Organisation acronym year, page)

“With one of the fastest uptakes of internet and smartphone technology, significant opportunities have opened up for Melbourne tech businesses and startups to assist India's digital transformation” (Trade Victoria 2016, 2).

"NASA is researching prototype technologies such as airspace design, dynamic geofencing, congestion management and terrain avoidance for a UAS Traffic Management (UTM) system” (NASA 2017, 1).

At the time, NASA was collaborating with several partners to develop a safety system to ensure drones “do not collide with buildings, larger aircraft, or one another" (2017, 1).

In-text citation: Paraphrase

(Author Family Name or Organisation Name or Organisation acronym year)

The Indian market’s desire for agricultural products represents an export opportunity for Victorian businesses (Trade Victoria 2016).

At the time of the 2016 Census 4.1% of Melbournians spoke Mandarin at home (ABS, n.d.).

Trade Victoria (2016) promoted opportunities for the state’s medical and pharmaceutical industries in India.

Reference list

When the organisation-as-author and publisher are the same entity, include the organisation name in both places in the reference list entry.

For hard copy fact sheets, omit the URL.

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). n.d. 2016 Census data summary: cultural and language diversity fact sheet (Melbourne). Canberra, ACT: Australian Bureau of Statistics. https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/Census+Data+Seminars/$File/Melbourne+Fact+Sheet.pdf.

NASA. 2017. UTM: Air traffic management for low-altitude drones. Washington, DC: NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/utm-factsheet-09-06-16.pdf.

Trade Victoria. 2016. India. Melbourne, VIC: State Government of Victoria. https://global.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/87039/India-Fact-Sheet.pdf.

Examples of course materials are:

• lectures

• lecture recordings

• PowerPoint slides from lectures

Lectures

In-text citation: Direct Quote

(Lecturer’s Family Name Year of lecture)

The lecture focused on literature with the "recurring themes of individualism, collectivism, and questioning authority" (Hong 2015).

In-text citation: Paraphrase

(Lecturer’s Family Name Year of lecture)

Overall, the message in the children's literature was deemed to be a threat to the dictatorship (Hong 2015).

Reference list

Hong, Viviana. 2015. “Censorship in Children’s Literature during Argentina’s Dirty War (1976–1983)” EDU1234: Issues in Children’s Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago. April 30, 2015. Lecture.

Lecture recordings

In-text citation: Direct Quote

Add a time stamp in the format of HH:MM:SS when quoting directly from a lecture recording.

(Lecturer’s Family Name Year of lecture, HH:MM:SS)

Protocols are regarded as "nothing but a set of rules that govern data communication." (Fry 2016, 00:14:32).

In-text citation: Paraphrase

(Lecturer’s Family Name Year of lecture)

The lecture presented data communication and net-centric computing (Fry 2016).

Reference list

Include the lecture URL if there is one available. If the course materials can only be accessed with an account login, include a general URL to the site or the database name.

Fry, Andrew. 2016. "Lecture 2 - Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing: Lecture 8." COSC1111: Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing. Melbourne: RMIT University. March 8, 2016. Lecture recording. Canvas.

PowerPoint slides from lectures

In-text citation: Direct Quote

Add the slide number when quoting directly from a PowerPoint presentation.

(Lecturer’s Family Name Year of lecture, slide number)

Giving consideration to the "cultural, economic and social issues of indigenous communities is an important step in the decision making process ... " (Sample 2017, slide 4).

In-text citation: Paraphrase

(Lecturer’s Family Name Year of lecture)

The rights of indigenous people include ... (Sample 2017).

Reference list

Include the lecture URL if there is one available. If the course materials can only be accessed with an account login, include a general URL to the site or the database name.

Sample, Sara. 2017. "Human rights in indigenous communities: Lecture 8." HUSO2301: Applied Human Rights and indigenous Peoples. Melbourne: RMIT University. Accessed April 10, 2017. Powerpoint presentation. Canvas.

Examples of personal communication include:

• private conversations

• phone calls

• letters

• emails

• direct messages on social media

Personal communication is best cited in-text only and does not need to be included in the reference list.

In-text citation

For in-text citations:

• Include the correspondent’s full name, type of communication, and date.

• Use “author” instead of your name.

• Request permission from the correspondent to directly quote if possible.

Include the correspondent’s names, medium if relevant, and date of communication.

In conversation with the author on May 5, 2020, a contact tracer confirmed that

"There was no indication of any sickness" (V. Smith, personal communication September 10, 2017).

(Diane Evans, Instagram message to author, February 24, 2019).

Reference list

Information obtained from personal communication does not need to be included in the reference list, and should only be referenced in-text.

In-Text Citation

The interviewees family name and year of publication are needed for an in-text citation.

(Herndon and Dryhurst 2020)

In the interview Stamper describes… (2017)

Reference list

For the reference list:

• Published interviews follow the same rules as the relevant type of publication, except that the interviewee is treated as the author, and the interviewer is included after the title of content.

• Include an accessed date, followed by URL for any online material.

Herndon, Holly and Mat Dryhurst. 2020. “Holly Herndon and Mat Dryhurst: Inhuman Intelligence (Machine Listening).” Interview by Sean Dockray. Liquid Architecture. January 20, 2020. Podcast, 1:11:00. Accessed July 9, 2021. https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/holly-herndon-mat-dryhurst-inhuman-intelligence-machine/id1501072515?i=1000467579474.

Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. Accessed July 9, 2021. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Unpublished interviews

Unpublished interviews are usually treated as personal communication, and are best cited in-text without a reference list entry.

In-Text Citation

The interviewee’s family name and year of interview are needed for an in-text citation.

If the interviewee is anonymous or you cannot reveal their name, include an explanation (e.g. all interviews were confidential) and cite in-text only.

(Artcore 2019)

In an interview with a contact tracer on August 4, 2020, it was revealed that…

Reference list

For the reference list:

• If you have conducted the interview yourself, use “author” instead of your full name.

• Include the location of any recordings or transcripts if available.

• If the interviewee is not identified do not included a reference list entry, and instead cite in-text only.

Artcore, Lance. 2019. Interview by author. April 23, 2019. Melbourne.

• Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.

• Check first with your lecturer or teacher if it is permissible to cite your own previously submitted work.

• Using parts of your old assignments in new assignments without referencing is self-plagiarism.

If you copy and paste parts of your old assignments, make sure you reference them the same way you would reference any other source.

If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished manuscript.

In-Text Citation: Direct Quote

(Student Family Name year, page)

"Risk-taking behaviours are characteristic of this personality trait" (Smith 2018, 3).

In-Text Citation: Paraphrase

(Student Family Name year)

It is noteworthy that risk-taking behaviours … (Smith 2018).

Smith (2018) argued that without insight …

Reference list

Smith, Jane. 2018. "An analysis of personality theory." Unpublished manuscript, last modified September 4, 2018. RMIT University, Melbourne. Microsoft Word file.

In-text citation: Direct Quote

(Author’s Family Name Year of award, page/s).

“Human activity has shaped landscapes to such an extent for so many thousands of years that managing landscapes is now a given” (Court 2019, 34).

In-text citation: Paraphrase

(Author’s Family Name Year of award).

Landscape management has naturally evolved from humans shaping the landscape over thousands of years. (Court 2019).

Reference list

If the thesis or dissertation is accessed online, include a URL. However, if the URL requires an account login, include only the database or repository name.

Hard copy theses or dissertations do not require a URL or database/repository name.

When the document is labelled PhD dissertation, use the abbreviation PhD diss.

Court, Tanya. 2019. "The Site Re-Presented: Everyday Civic Landscapes." PhD diss., RMIT University. RMIT Research Repository (9921864000901341).

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.

AI-generated text

Using generative artificial intelligence (AI) in learning and research, including assessment tasks

The educators within your courses can tell you if you are able to use artificial intelligence (AI) tools in your assessment tasks, including how you can use the tools and what tools you can use. If you use any AI tools, you must appropriately acknowledge and reference the use of these tools and their outputs. Failure to reference the use of these tools can result in academic misconduct.

Please confirm with your course educator before using any AI tools in your assessment tasks.

Please note that the guidelines on how to reference AI tools have been updated on Monday the 26th of June 2023. This is in response to updated guidelines from the APA style manual editors, as well as the new ability to generate shareable URLs in some of the AI tools.

Overview of text-generating AI tools

Introduction to AI tools that can generate text

AI tools that generate text, such as OpenAI's ChatGPT, are large language models with a conversational type of interface, where you can ask a question, receive a detailed response and follow up with additional queries.

Some generative AI tools are not connected to the internet and are trained on data sets up to a specific time point. Other generative AI tools connect to the internet and will provide URL links to information. There are some points to consider when using the text generated by these tools:

• As these tools function in a similar way to predictive text on your phone, by recognising and reproducing patterns in language, they can generate incorrect information.
• While they can produce citations and references, these are not always correct. If you are relying on the information to be accurate, you should check that the reference cited by the AI tool exists, and that the information cited is present in the original source.
• The data sets used to train these tools often include biased and inaccurate information, as access to scholarly information and valid scientific studies may be limited, and information from social media and other less reputable sources is included.

The Learning Lab Artificial Intelligence Tools module has more information on how these AI tools work, and some points to consider when using them.

Copyright and non-human authors

Current copyright law only recognises humans as authors and creators. One of the moral rights associated with copyright is the right to be acknowledged as the author of a work. From a copyright perspective an AI tool cannot be recognised as the creator of a work, however it is important to explain that an AI tool was used in the creation of the work. This has informed our referencing guidance.

General acknowledgement that AI tools have been used in the creation of a work

In some assessment tasks, you may be able to use AI tools for background research, or to generate an outline for your essay or report (as stated earlier, please follow your educator's guidance before using any AI tools).. In this case, rather than citing and referencing specific text generated by AI tools, you will need to provide a general acknowledgement within the body or methods section of your text to explain that an AI tool was used in the creation of your work. Include as much detail as possible, including how you used the AI tool, the prompt used, the date you used the tool, and the name, creator and version of the AI tool.

Example: On the 26th June 2023, I used the May 24 version of OpenAI's ChatGPT to perform background research by using the following prompt "explain the difference between deep learning and machine learning".

Referencing specific text content generated by AI tools

Each of the referencing styles used at RMIT is based on a source style manual. More information on the source style manuals used for each style can be found in Easy Cite. Currently, only the editors of the APA style manual have provided advice on referencing AI-generated content. For the other referencing styles used at RMIT, we have created interim guidelines for referencing AI-generated content that we believe are the best match within that style. These may change in the future as the source style manuals develop or update their guidelines for referencing AI-generated content.

If you are referring to content generated by AI tools within your work, we recommend that you include the shareable link to the content if available, or otherwise include this AI-generated content as an appendix or supplemental information. It is also good practice to include the question or prompt that generated the response to provide context for your readers.

Two sets of reference guidelines are provided below for each style - one is for AI tools that include shareable URLs to the outputs generated from text prompts, which enables your readers to access the outputs themselves. The other is for AI tools that do not provide shareable links, meaning that the readers of your work cannot access the same information themselves.

AI-generated images

Using generative AI in learning and research, including assessment tasks

Your course lecturer can tell you if you are able to use content generated by artificial intelligence (AI) tools in your assessment tasks, including AI-generated images. Please confirm with your course lecturer for a specific assessment task before using any AI tools.

If you are able to use AI tools in your assessment task, you need to appropriately acknowledge and reference all of the AI-generated content that you include. Failure to reference this AI-generated content can result in academic misconduct.

Please note that the information about using generative AI tools will continue to be updated - we recommend checking this guide regularly and confirming with your course lecturer if you are unsure.

Overview of images generated by AI tools

Some generative AI tools have been trained on large numbers of existing images, and these tools can create new images based on prompts from users. The images created using these tools can be downloaded, but they are not published or reproducible in the AI platform. Images generated using AI tools such as Midjourney and DALL-E 2 are the topic of much debate. Current copyright law only recognises humans as authors. One of the moral rights associated with copyright is the right to be acknowledged as the author of a work. From a copyright perspective there is currently no obligation to recognise AI as the creator of a work, however it is important to explain that AI was used in the creation of the work.

AI-generated images are an emerging technology, and there are not yet clear guidelines for how to incorporate them into existing referencing styles such as APA 7th, Chicago, etc. Our current recommendation for how to reference AI-generated images varies for each referencing style, and is included below. Additionally, we recommend that you include the question or prompt that generated the image where possible, to provide context for your readers.

Please note that our recommendations for how to reference AI-generated content may change in the future as referencing style manuals are updated.

How to reference AI-generated text

The Chicago Manual of Style editors have released a Q&A post on referencing AI-generated text. We have adapted these guidelines to accommodate the current Australian copyright advice that AI tools cannot be listed as authors. Instead, use the creator of the tool as the author in the in-text citation and provide bibliographic details in a reference list entry.

If a shareable URL to the content is available, include it in your reference list entry. If the content is not shareable, include the prompt used and the output generated in an appendix. Include the general URL for the tool and a note about the appendix in the reference list entry.

Chicago B (author-date) style uses an author-date format for in-text citations and a corresponding reference list.

In-text citation - narrative (author-prominent):

Rule

Author (year)

Examples

OpenAI (2023)

Anthropic (2024)

In-text citation - parenthetical (information-prominent):

Rule

(Author year)

Examples

(OpenAI 2023)

(Anthropic 2024)

Reference list entry - shareable URL generated by the AI tool:

Rule

Author. Year. Name of tool. Version (if available). Month Day, Year. URL.

Example

OpenAI. 2023. ChatGPT. May 24 version. June 26, 2023. https://chat.openai.com/share/81f2e81f-f137-41b6-9881-39af1672ae3c.

Reference list entry - non-shareable AI-generated content:

Rule

Author. Year. Name of tool. Version (if available). Month Day, Year. URL. Appendix.

Example

Anthropic. 2024. Claude. January 22, 2024. https://claude.ai/chats. See Appendix for prompt used and output generated.

How to reference AI-generated images

As stated in the RMIT Easy Cite Chicago guides, visual materials used in assessment tasks do not need the copyright permissions that are required for publishing or commercial use. However, it is essential that you give credit to the creator of the work and reference it in your work.

Chicago B (author-date)

How to reference an image that you produce using an AI tool:

Follow the caption rules for your own work. Include the AI tool that was used as well as the prompt.

Caption

Rule

Figure number. Description or explanation.

Example

Figure 1. Artwork created using Adobe Firefly in response to the prompt: two students studying in a park in the sunshine.

How to reference an AI-generated image reproduced from a published source:

Follow the general guidelines for Artwork, noting that the Chicago Manual of Style states that information about images and works of art can usually be presented in the text, rather than a note or bibliography. A caption below the image can be used to include the necessary information. Use the name of the human as the creator (if known) and include information that the work was generated using AI - we recommend adding this information in the medium field. If the human creator of the image is unknown, use text such as Artwork created using (the AI tool) in place of the creator's name.

Caption

Rule

Figure number. Artist’s Given Name Artist’s Family Name, Title of work (if known), Year of production (if known). Medium, in Author's Given Name and Family Names, source details (e.g. website, book, etc).

Examples

Figure 1: Jason Allen, Théâtre D’opéra Spatial, 2022. Artwork created using Midjourney, in Kevin Roose, "An A.I.-Generated Picture Won an Art Prize. Artists Aren’t Happy." The New York Times, September 2, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/technology/ai-artificial-intelligence-artists.html.

Figure 1: Artwork created using OpenAI's DALLE-2, in Adam Gopnick, "What Can A.I. Art Teach Us About the Real Thing?" The New Yorker, March 1, 2023, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/what-can-ai-art-teach-us-about-the-real-thing.