Always check with your tutor or lecturer about any specific requirements they have around referencing.

Look at the example documents to view footnotes and endnotes in Microsoft Word.

• Sample essay - footnotes (downloads a document)

• Sample essay - endnotes (downloads a document)

Notes - Footnotes or Endnotes

• Each time you paraphrase, summarise, or use a direct quote in your paper, include a note to cite your source. A note can be a footnote or an endnote.

• A note number should be placed at the end of a sentence or clause, and after the punctuation.

• Footnotes can be found at the bottom of each page, i.e. in the footer, whereas endnotes are placed at the end of the document, chapter or section of writing.

• Notes require you to mark all in-text citations with a superscript number and provide a citation in the note. Notes should be numbered in sequential order.

• Previous editions of the Chicago Manual of Style recommended the use of ibid. (from ibidem, “in the same place”) when repeating a citation in footnotes. Unlike previous editions, the 17th ed. of the Chicago Manual of Style discourages the use of ibid. in favour of shortened citations.

• Chicago does not require you to include an access date unless no date of publication or revision can be determined from the source. However, you may wish to check with your lecturer first as they may have a preference for including access dates.

• The first line of your note should be indented .5" from the left of the page, or 5 spaces.

Example;

1. Doug Patt, How to Architect (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 2012), 28.

When do I use a shortened note?

The first time you cite a source in a note,include all the recommended citation information. If you cite that same source again, use a shortened note.

• Author full-names are shortened to Family Name.

• Titles are shortened if longer than four words.

• Include the relevant page numbers.

• Include a note number.

• Ensure that the first line of your note is .5" from the left of the page, or 5 spaces.

Example;

2. Patt, How to Architect, 35.

Shortening a title

• The order of words should not be changed.

• Initial articles like “the” or “a” may be removed.

• Key words from the original title should be retained.

• Ensure the first part of the short citation matches what is listed in the bibliography.

• A short title is italicised or placed in "quotation marks" based on the full title.

Block quotations

• Block quotations should be used for quotes longer than five lines.

• Do not use quotation marks for block quotations.

• Block quotations are indented from the left (and sometimes from the right also).

• Block quotations require their own footnote.

• Quotation marks can be used within a block quotation when including a separate quote within the text.

Create a footnote in Word

1. Place your curser at the end of the sentence, after the punctuation.

2. Click References.

3. Select Insert Footnote.

4. A superscript number will appear in your text.

5. In the footer, place your footnote. Remember that you will need to indent the first line of the footnote by 5 spaces.

Basic rules to create a bibliography

• A bibliography includes all sources cited within the text, as well as any additional sources consulted.

• Place the bibliography at the end of your work on a new page.

• Title the page, Bibliography, and centre the title.

• Arrange the list of works in alphabetical order according to the family name of the author or editor.

• Author's names are inverted for the bibliography - Family Name, Given Name.

• Capitalise all titles.

• If the author is unknown, begin the reference with the title of work.

Create a hanging indent using Microsoft Word

The second line of each bibliography entry has a hanging indent.

To create a hanging indent in Microsoft Word;

1. Highlight all text (Shift + A).

2. Right click (Shift + F10).

3. Select paragraph.

4. Under the heading, *Indentation, select the drop-down box for Special* and select Hanging.

Bibliography

Two or three authors

Include all authors in the note. Author's names are listed as - Given Name Family Name. Authors' names are separated by the word and. Do not use an ampersand.

Example

2. Mark Oranje and Tuna Taşan-Kok, From Student to Urban Planner: Young Practitioners' Reflections on Contemporary Ethical Challenges (Milton: Routledge. 2017), 44.

Four or more authors

In the note, cite only the name of the first-listed author followed by et al. Author's name is listed as - Given Name Family Name.

Example

1. Okwui Enwezor et al., Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008), 223.

Two or three authors

List authors in the order in which they appear in the source. The first-listed name is inverted - Family Name, Given Name. The rest of the names are written as - Given Name Family Name.

Example

Lai, Gladys, and Pema Bakshi. "5 TikTok Fashion Trends Everyone is Wearing IRL." Vogue (blog), May 28, 2021. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/trends/4-tiktok-fashion-trends-everyone-is-wearing-irl/image-gallery/74b88974bd06733c65153ae0897316db.

Oranje, Mark, and Tuna Taşan-Kok. From Student to Urban Planner: Young Practitioners’ Reflections on Contemporary Ethical Challenges. Milton: Routledge. 2017.

Four to 10 authors

List authors in the order in which they appear in the source. List all authors in the bibliography. The first-listed name is inverted - Family Name, Given Name. The rest of the names are written as - Given Name Family Name.

Example;

Enwezor, Okwui, Nancy Condee, Terry Smith, Antonio Negri, Geeta Kapur, and Rosalind Krauss. Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.

More than 10 authors

List authors in the order in which they appear in the source. List the first seven authors in the bibliography, followed by et al. The first-listed name is inverted - Family Name, Given Name. The rest of the names are written as - Given Name Family Name.

Example

Benz, Felix, Mikolaj K. Schmidt, Alexander Dreismann, Rohit Chikkaraddy, Yao Zhang, Angela Demetriadou, Cloudy Carnegie et al. "Single-molecule optomechanics in 'picocavities.' " American Association for the Advancement of Science 354, no. 6313 (2016): 726-729. 10.1126/science.aah5243.

To cite a source from a secondary source (“quoted in . . .”) is generally discouraged according the Chicago Manual of Style, since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite. If an original source is unavailable, however, both the original and the secondary source must be listed.

Both the original and the secondary source must be listed in the note and bibliography.

Rule for Note

Note example

1. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.

Shortened note example

Refer to original source

2. Zukofsky, "Sincerity and Objectification", 269

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 1-78.

Note rule

Note examples;

1. Doug Patt, How to Architect (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 2012), 28.

2. Mark Oranje and Tuna Taşan-Kok, From Student to Urban Planner: Young Practitioners' Reflections on Contemporary Ethical Challenges (Milton: Routledge. 2017), 44.

3. Okwui Enwezor et al., Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008), 223.

Shortened note examples;

4. Patt, How to Architect, 35.

5. Oranje and Taşan-Kok,Student to Urban Planner, 78.

6. Enwezor et al., Antinomies of Art and Culture, 312.

Bibliography rule;

Bibliography examples

Patt, Doug. How to Architect. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 2012.

Oranje, Mark, and Tuna Taşan-Kok. From Student to Urban Planner: Young Practitioners’ Reflections on Contemporary Ethical& Challenges. Milton: Routledge. 2017.

Enwezor, Okwui, Nancy Condee, Terry Smith, Antonio Negri, Geeta Kapur, and Rosalind Krauss. Antinomies of Art and Culture: Modernity, Postmodernity, Contemporaneity. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.

Books can be referenced using an editor, translator, or compiler if no author is listed. In bibliographies and full note citations, use the following abbreviations; ed., eds., trans., comp., or comps.

Note rule

Note example

1. Adam Bell and Charles Traub, eds., Vision Anew: The Lens and Screen Arts (Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2015), 42.

Shortened note example

2. Bell and Traub, Vision Anew, 56.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Bell, Adam, and Charles Traub, eds. Vision Anew: The Lens and Screen Arts. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2015.

Include the chapter author, the chapter title in quotation marks, as well as the editor. Before the title of the book, use the word in. Include the page range for the chapter in the bibliography entry.

Note rule

Note example

1. Alistair Baldwin, "Hippotherapy," in Growing Up Disabled in Australia, ed. Carly Findlay (Carlton, VIC: Black Inc., 2021), 52.

Shortened note example

2. Baldwin, "Hippotherapy," 52.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Baldwin, Alistair. “Hippotherapy.” In Growing Up Disabled in Australia, edited by Carly Findlay, 47-52. Carlton, VIC: Black Inc., 2021.

For ebooks, include the name of the database (for example ProQuest ebook Central), URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier), or DOI-based URL. For other types of ebooks, name the application (eg. BorrowBox), device (eg. Kindle), or file format used (eg. PDF).

If there are no page numbers in the ebook, use the chapter or section headings.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Henry Carroll, Read This If You Want To Take Great Photographs (London: Laurence King, 2014), 10, ProQuest Ebook Central.

2. Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, trans. Constance Garnett (USA: Project Gutenberg, 1998), chap. 4, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1399/1399-h/1399-h.htm.

3. Clive Scott, The Spoken Image: Photography and Language (London: Reaktion, 1999), 166, EBSCOhost Ebooks, PDF.

Shortened note examples

4. Carroll, Read This, 10.

5. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, chap. 4.

6. Scott, Spoken Image, 166.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Carroll, Henry. Read This If You Want To Take Great Photographs. London: Laurence King, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. Translated by Constance Garnett. USA: Project Gutenberg, 1998. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1399/1399-h/1399-h.htm.

Scott, Clive. The Spoken Image: Photography and Language.London: Reaktion, 1999. EBSCOhost Ebooks, PDF.

Edition numbers

Only use this rule for editions other than the first edition.

Include the edition name or number after the title in an abbreviated from. For example, Second Edition will become 2nd ed. Other examples include Revised Edition, which will be abbreviated to, rev. ed.

Note rule

Note example

1. Paul Martin Lester, Visual Communication: Images with Messages, 8th ed. (Dallas, Texas: Lex Publishing, 2020), 128.

2. Bruce Pascoe, Dark Emu, New ed. (Broome, Western Australia: Magabala Books Aboriginal Corporation, 2018), 11.

Shortened note examples

3. Lester, Visual Communication, 305.

4. Pascoe, Dark Emu, 25.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Lester, Paul Martin. Visual Communication: Images with Messages. 8th ed. Dallas, Texas: Lex Publishing, 2020.

Pascoe, Bruce. Dark Emu. New ed. Broome, Western Australia: Magabala Aboriginal Corporation, 2018.

Reprints and modern editions

Books may be re-issued in a different format or with the addition of new material. Use this rule when the original date of publication is relevant.

Note rule

Note example

1. Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (London: Penguin, 1865: London: Penguin Classics, 2012), 62. Citations refer to the 2012 edition.

Shortened note example

2. Carrol, Alice's Adventures, 96.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Carrol, Lewis. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. London: Penguin, 1865. Reprinted with Artwork by Yayoi Kusama. London: Penguin Classics, 2012. Page references are to the 2012 edition.

In the note, include the word trans. and then the translator's name. In the bibliography, include, Translated by and then the translator's full name. Do not include the translator's name in subsequent citation entries.

Note rule

Note example

1. Elena Ferrante, The Lying Life of Adults, trans. Ann Goldstein (London: Europa Editions, 2019), 114.

Shortened note example

2. Ferrante, The Lying Life of Adults, 158.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Ferrante, Elena. The Lying Life of Adults. Translated by Ann Goldstein. London: Europa Editions, 2019.

If the publication does not list a personal name as author and it has been issued by an organisation, corporation, or association, use that name as the author, even if it is also listed as publisher.

Note rule

Note example

1. Institute of Contemporary Arts, Nought to 60: 60 Projects, 6 months (London: Institute of Contemporary Art, 2009), 179.

Shortened note example

2. Institute of Contemporary Arts, Nought to 60, 191.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Institute of Contemporary Arts. Nought to 60: 60 Projects, 6 months. London: Institute of Contemporary Art, 2009.

As exhibition catalogues and brochures are often published like a book, reference and cite the work as a book. In the bibliography, include the exhibition details, or include the words - Exhibition Catalogue.

Note rule

Note number. First Author’s Full Name and Second Author’s Full Name, Title: Subtitle (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Year of Publication), Page or Pages.

Note example

1. Caroline Achaintre et al., eds., New Contemporaries 2017 (London: New Contemporaries 1988 Ltd, 2017), 88.

Shortened note Example

2. Achaintre et al., New Contemporaries, 102.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Achaintre, Caroline, Elizabeth Price, George Shaw, and Kirsty Ogg, eds. Bloomberg's New Contemporaries 2017. London: New Contemporaries 1988 Ltd, 2017. Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same title, January 27, 2018-March 3, 2018.

Titles of journals, exclude The in the title of the journal from the note and bibliography. Include a DOI or URL. Access dates are generally not required unless there is no other date specified.

Note rule - one or two authors

OR

Note examples

1. Christine McCarthy, “Toward a Definition of Interiority.” Space & Culture 8, no. 2 (2005): 112–25, https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331205275020.

2. Dolores Hayden and Gwendolyn Wright, “Architecture and Urban Planning,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1, no (Summer, 1976): http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173242.

Multiple author note examples

See further rules on multiple authors in the multiple author tab in Using Chicago Notes-Bibliography

3. Taylor Brydes, Lisa Heinze, Monique Retamal. "Changing Geographies of Fashion during COVID-19: The Australian Case," Geographical Research 59, no.2 (2021): 206-216, https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12460.

4. Martha Rosler et al. "Notes from the Field: Materiality," The Art Bulletin 95, no. 1 (2013): https://doi.org/10-37,10.1080/00043079.2013.10786104.

Shortened note example

5. Hayden and Wright, “Architecture and Urban Planning,” 928.

6. Rosler et al., "Notes from the Field: Materiality," 37.

7. McCarthy, “Toward a Definition of Interiority,” 112.

Bibliography rule

For articles consulted online, include a DOI or URL or the name of the database in the bibliography. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). See examples.

OR

Bibliography examples

McCarthy, Christine. “Toward a Definition of Interiority.” Space & Culture 8, no. 2 (2005): 112–25, https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331205275020.

Rosler, Martha, Caroline Walker Bynum, Natasha Eaton, Michael Ann Holly, Amelia jones, Michael Kelly, Robin Kelsey, et. al. "Notes from the Field: Materiality," The Art Bulletin 95, no. 1 (2013): 10-37, https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.2013.10786104.

OR

Hayden, Dolores, and Gwendolyn Wright. "Architecture and Urban Planning." Signs 1, no. 4 (1976): 923-33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173242.

Cite journal articles accessed in print in the same way as journal articles accessed online, but without a DOI, URL or database name.

Rule for note

Note example

1. Benjamin Bagley, “Loving Someone in Particular,” Ethics 125, no. 2 (January 2015): 477.

Shortened note example

2. Bagley, “Loving Someone in Particular,” 480.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Bagley, Benjamin. “Loving Someone in Particular,” Ethics 125, no. 2 (January 2015): 477–507.

Newspaper or Magazine article consulted online and print

Newspaper articles in which no author listed, cite the title of the newspaper in italics.

Titles of newspapers and magazines, exclude The in the title of the magazine or journal from the note, and the title is set in italics. Weekly or monthly (or bimonthly) magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only.

A newspaper’s issue may include several editions page number sequences may change, and for this reason page numbers are not included.

Articles from weekend newspaper supplements or other special sections are treated in the same way as magazine articles.

If an article is accessed through a database include the URL or database name. See examples below.

Rule for Note

or if no author

Note example

1. Jeanette Hill, "Open Doors," Weekly Times (Melbourne, Australia), July 20, 2011, Proquest.

2. Arthur Lubow, "The Triumph of Frank Lloyd Wright," Smithsonian Magazine, June, 2009, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-triumph-of-frank-lloyd-wright-132535844/.

3. Alyx Gorman, "A Movement not a Moment: Indigenous Design in the Spotlight at Australian Fashion Week," Guardian News (Sydney, Australia), June 4, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jun/05/a-movement-not-a-moment-indigenous-design-in-the-spotlight-at-australian-fashion-week.

4.Times of India, "Swedish Design Week Inaugurated,” (Bombay, India), February 22, 2018.

Shortened note example

4. Lubow, "A Movement not a Moment: Indigenous Design in the Spotlight at Austraian Fashion Week."

5. Crowe, "Voters back net zero target."

6. Times of India, "Swedish Design Week Inaugurated."

Rule for Bibliography

Examples of Bibliography

Hill, Jeanette. "Open Doors." Weekly Times, July 20, 2011.

Gorman, Alyx. "A Movement not a Moment: Indigenous Design in the Spotlight at Australian Fashion Week," Guardian News, June 4, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jun/05/a-movement-not-a-moment-indigenous-design-in-the-spotlight-at-australian-fashion-week.

Wall Street Journal. "Inside the Homes of Architects; the Designers are Getting a Chance to Test their Own Designs." May 14, 2020. https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/newspapers/inside-homes-architects-designers-are-getting/docview/2402563321/se-2?accountid=13552.

Videos (that are not movies or television series) streamed from online platforms e.g. YouTube, websites, or accessed via library database.

• Citations begin with the name of the creator. The creator will depend on the focus on your discussion and can include: user who uploaded the video, director, presenter, writer, or actor. Use channel names in full original order. For news broadcasts use the journalist or reporter’s name.

• Titles of videos hosted on online platforms are enclosed in quotation marks. Titles of programs or films are in italics.

• Include additional information about the original event, location, source, or contributors after Title of Video if relevant to your discussion.

• Include the name of the streaming platform, followed by 'video', and duration. Alternatively, just ‘video’ can be used. Duration is formatted as HH:MM:SS.

• If including the name of a host website which is a newspaper, news broadcaster, or journal, format the name in italics.

• Include an accessed date and URL at the end of the citation.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Never Too Small, “Never Too Small 1970’s Melbourne Tiny Apartment – 35sqm/370sqft,” July 31, 2018, YouTube video, 3:06, accessed July 4, 2021, https://youtu.be/l3yHLikvjPU.

2. Brené Brown, “The Power of Vulnerability,” filmed January 4, 2011 in Houston TX, TED video, 20:49, accessed 4 July 2021, https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability.

3. Simon Jack, “Why your fish and chips may cost a lot more,” filmed and edited by Samantha Everett, produced by Ollie Smith, BBC News: Business, aired March 17, 2022, video, 02:29, accessed March 21, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-60762921.

4. Thembi Soddell, “Love Songs,” featuring Vanessa Godden, Disclaimer, 2018, video, 39:48, accessed March 4, 2021, https://disclaimer.org.au/contents/love-songs.

Shortened note rule

Shortened note examples

5. Never Too Small, “Melbourne.”

6. Brown, “Power of Vulnerability.”

7. Simon, ”Chips may cost.”

8. Soddell, ”Love songs.”

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Brown, Brené. “The Power of Vulnerability.” Filmed June 2010 in Houston, TX. TED video. 20:49. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability.

Jack, Simon. “Why your fish and chips may cost a lot more.” Filmed and edited by Samantha Everett. Produced by Ollie Smith. BBC News: Business. Aired March 17, 2022. Video, 02:29. Accessed March 21, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-60762921.

Never Too Small. “Never Too Small 1970’s Melbourne Tiny Apartment – 35sqm/370sqft.” July 31, 2018. YouTube video, 3:06. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://youtu.be/l3yHLikvjPU.

Soddell, Thembi. “Love Songs.” Featuring Vanessa Godden. Disclaimer. 2018. Video, 39:48. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://disclaimer.org.au/contents/love-songs.

Video recordings of films, movies, or documentaries accessed on DVD or other physical medium, or streamed online.

• Notes begin with the Title of the Film in italics. Bibliography entries begin with the name of the director.

• If citing a section of larger work, such as a scene or chapter, begin the note with the section titles enclosed in quotation marks.

• Roles can be abbreviated e.g. dir. for director, and prod. for producer.

• Include the original year of release. If unknown use the year of distribution or copyright.

• For films sourced on DVD/ VHS include place of publication, studio/distributor, (and year of publication if different from original release date) followed by medium at the end of the citation.

• For films streamed online include the duration, an accessed date, and URL/ name of the streaming service or library database at the end of the citation. Use the format ‘HH hr., MM min.’ for duration of movies viewed online.

Note rule

OR

Note examples

1. Blade Runner, directed by Ridley Scott (1982; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2006), DVD.

2. “Fountain Scene", La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini (1960; Australia: Umbrella Entertainment, 2005), DVD.

3. Tim’s Vermeer, directed by Raymond Joseph Teller, (Sony Pictures Classics, 2013), video, accessed 4 July 2021, Informit EduTV.

4. Visual Acoustics: The Modernism of Julius Shulman, directed by Eric Bricker, (Shulman Project Partners, 2009), video, accessed 4 July 2021, Kanopy.

Shortened note rule

OR

Shortened note examples

3. Scott, Blade Runner.

4. "Fountain Scene," La Dolce Vita.

5. Teller, Tim's Vermeer.

6. Bricker, Visual Acoustics.

Bibliography rule

OR

Bibliography examples

Bricker, Eric, dir. Visual Acoustics: The Modernism of Julius Shulman. Arthouse films. 2009. Kanopy video. 1 hr., 23 min. Accessed July 4, 2021. Kanopy.

Fellini, Federico, dir. La Dolce Vita. 1960; Sydney, NSW: Umbrella Entertainment, 2005. DVD.

Scott, Ridley, dir. Blade Runner. 1982; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2006. DVD.

Teller, Raymond Joseph, dir. Tim's Vermeer. Sony Picture Classics, 2013. EduTV video. 1 hr., 20 min. Accessed July 4, 2021. Informit EduTV.

Program or series aired on television, broadcast live, streamed online, or accessed via library database

• Notes begin with the Title of Program in italics. Bibliography entries begin with the name of the creator.

• The creator can include director, presenter, writer, producer, or actor, depending on the focus of your discussion.

• Program titles are italicised, episode titles are enclosed in quotation marks.

• Include additional contributors if relevant between the Title of Episode and the Aired Date.

• If viewed on DVD include place and publisher/distributor followed by medium at the end of the citation.

• If viewed online include an accessed date, URL, name of streaming service, or library database at the end of the citation.

Note rule

OR

Note examples

1. Ways of Seeing, episode 1, “Part 1: Reproductions,” presented by John Berger, directed and produced by Michael Dibb, aired January 8, 1972 (London: BBC, 1972), accessed July 4, 2021, RMIT Digital Collections.

2. Art and Soul, series 2, episode 3, “Love and Longing,” presented by Hetti Perkins, directed by Steven McGregor, aired July 22, 2014 (Sydney, NSW: Arthouse Films, 2014), DVD.

3. Grand Designs, series 18, episode 7, “Peak District: Post-Industrial House,” presented by Kevin McCloud, aired October 18, 2017 on Channel 4, television broadcast.

Shortened note rule

Shortened note examples

4. Ways of Seeing, "Reproductions."

5. Art and Soul, “Love.”

6. Grand Designs, “Post-Industrial.”

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. Episode 1, “Part 1: Reproductions.” Directed and produced by Michael Dibb. Aired January 8, 1972 on BBC. Accessed July 4, 2021. RMIT Digital Collections.

McCloud, Kevin. Grand Designs. Season 18, episode 7, “Peak District: Post-Industrial House.” Aired October 18, 2017 on Channel 4. Television broadcast.

Perkins, Hetti. Art and Soul. Season 2, episode 3, “Love and Longing.” Directed by Steven McGregor. Aired July 22, 2014 on ABC TV. Sydney, NSW: Arthouse Films, 2014. DVD.

Audio podcasts, vodcasts, and webcasts.

Podcast presenters are usually treated as the author except in the case of interviews. For podcasts where the interviewee is the main focus of discussion see: Interviews.

• Enclose the episode title in quotation marks, followed by the date published online or recorded.

• Include the word “in” followed by the podcast title in italics.

• Additional contributors such as the producers may be included followed by the file format if downloaded as a file.

• Duration is formatted as HH:MM:SS.

• End the citation with a URL.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Sarah Koenig, “The Alibi,” October 3, 2014, in Serial. Produced by Sarah Koenig, Julie Snyder & Dana Chivvis, podcast, MP3 audio. 52:00. https://serialpodcast.org/season-one/1/the-alibi.

2. Roman Mars, “The Smell of Concrete After Rain,” April 28, 2020, in 99% Invisible, produced by Avery Trufelman, podcast, MP3 Audio. 29:15. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-smell-of-concrete-after-rain.

Shortened note rule

Shortened note examples

3. Koenig, “The Alibi.”

4. Mars, "Concrete After Rain."

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Koenig, Sarah. “The Alibi.” Season 1. Episode 1. October 3, 2014. In Serial. Produced by Sarah Koenig, Julie Snyder & Dana Chivvis. Podcast, MP3 audio. 52:00. https://serialpodcast.org/season-one/1/the-alibi.

Mars, Roman. “The Smell of Concrete After Rain.” Episode 400. April 28, 2020. In 99% Invisible. Produced by Avery Trufelman. Podcast, MP3 Audio. 29:15. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-smell-of-concrete-after-rain.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Paul Barclay, "Julia Gillard Calls for More Preventative Mental Health Care," October 12, 2017, in Big Ideas, Adelaide, SA: ABC Radio National, radio broadcast.

Shortened note rule

Shortened note examples

2. Barclay, "Julia Gillard Calls."

Bibliography Rule

Bibliography examples

Barclay, Paul. "Julia Gillard Calls for More Preventative Mental Health Care." October 12, 2017. In Big Ideas. Adelaide, SA: ABC Radio National. Radio broadcast.

Sound recordings may include CDs, content from music streaming platforms, or records (LPs).

• Begin the citation with the name of the Creator. The Creator can include the recording artist, composer, or performer depending on the focus of your discussion. For group names e.g. bands, use name in full original order.

• Year of recording or copyright can be used as the year of publication.

• Titles of songs or short pieces are enclosed in quotation marks. Titles of albums are italicised.

• Include additional contributors if relevant to discussion.

• Include additional information such as identifying number or release date after the publisher to distinguish between similar recordings if available.

• If sourced online include an accessed date and URL or name of streaming service at the end of the citation.

(Check with your lecturer if Musical recordings require listing in a separate discography. If included in the bibliography, they can be grouped under an appropriate subheading.)

Note rule

Or

Note examples

1. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, CD.

2. Steve Reich, “Come Out,” with Daniel Hamm (voice), track 1 on Early Works, Elektra Nonesuch 979169-2, 1987, CD.

3. Yothu Yindi, “Treaty - Radio Mix,” track 15 on Tribal Voice, originally released 1991; Bloodlines, 2012. Spotify https://open.spotify.com/track/0RGD7VXcMiPGmnha3vXSt3?si=3a405ec23ae341d5.

4. Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazelwood, “Some Velvet Morning,” track 8 on Nancy and Lee, Reprise RS-6273, 1968, 33⅓ rpm.

Shortened note rule

OR

Shortened note examples

5. Strauss, Don Quixote.

6. Reich, “Come Out.”

7. Yothu Yindi, “Treaty.”

8. Sinatra and Hazelwood, "Velvet.”

Bibliography Rule

Or

Bibliography examples

Reich, Steve. “Come Out.” with Daniel Hamm (voice) on Early Works. Elektra Nonesuch 9 79169-2. 1987. CD.

Sinatra, Nancy and Lee Hazelwood. “Some Velvet Morning.” Track 8 on Nancy and Lee. Reprise RS-6273. 1968. 33⅓ rpm.

Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042. 1991. CD.

Yothu Yindi. “Treaty - Radio Mix.” Track 15 on Tribal Voice. Originally released 1991. Bloodlines, 2012. Spotify streaming audio.

Published musical scores are cited and referenced like books, with the composer treated as the author.

Unpublished scores are cited and referenced like unpublished manuscripts.

• For direct quotes include a page number after the year.

• If accessed online include a DOI, stable URL, or database name.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Igor Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, (New York: Boosey and Hawkes, 1921).

2. Gérard Grisey, Vortex Temporum I, II, III: Pour piano et cinq instruments, (Milan: Ricordi, 1995).

3. Steve Reich, Four Organs (London: Universal Edition, 1980), accessed 29 July 2021, Alexander Street.

Shortened note rule

Shortened note examples

4. Stravinsky, Rite of Spring.

5. Grisey, Vortex Temporum.

6. Reich, Four Organs.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Grisey, Gérard. Vortex Temporum I, II, III: Pour piano et cinq instruments. Milan: Ricordi. 1995.

Reich, Steve. Four Organs. London: Universal Edition. 1980. Accessed July 29. 2021. Alexander Street.

Stravinsky, Igor. The Rite of Spring. New York: Boosey and Hawkes. 1921.

Enclose the title of the page in quotation marks. If there is no discernible title, create a short description of the website or webpage instead. The words website or webpage in parenthesis can be included after the title if the source is otherwise unclear.

Include a publication date or date of revision if this is available. However,it might be difficult to find a publication or revision date on websites. If this is the case, leave out the publication date as in the Tate Modern example below. For frequently updated webpages, you may include a last modified date with a time stamp, as in the Wikipedia example.

Note rule

Note examples

1. "Psychogeography," Tate Modern (website), accessed June 27, 2021, https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/psychogeography.

2. "Whole-Building Life-Cycle Assessment: Taking the Measure of a Green Building," Building Green, 2013, accessed June 28, 2021, https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-taking-measure-green-building.

3. "Wikipedia: List of Controversial Issues," Wikipedia, last modified April 2, 2021, 17:19, accessed June 29, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_controversial_issues.

Shortened note examples:

4. "Psychogeography."

5. "Whole-Building Life-Cycle Assessment."

6. "Wikipedia: List of Controversial Issues."

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Tate Modern. "Psychogeography." Tate Modern (website). Accessed June 27, 2021. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/psychogeography.

Melton, Paula. "Whole-Building Life-Cycle Assessment: Taking the Measure of a Green Building." Building Green, 2013. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/whole-building-life-cycle-assessment-taking-measure-green-building.

Wikipedia. "Wikipedia: List of Controversial Issues." Wikipedia, last modified April 2, 2021, 17:19. Accessed June 29, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_controversial_issues.

Chicago defines a blog as a web-based forum that consists of posted entries organised by date or topic and usually accompanied by comments.

Unless the word blog is already part of the title, as in the LSE Impact Blog example below, the blog title should be followed word blog, in parentheses. Titles of blog posts are placed in quotation marks.

Blogs that are part of a larger publication should also include the name of that publication as in the LSE example below.

Comments can usually be cited in the text, in reference to the related post. If the comment is cited in a note, list the name of the commenter and the date of the comment, followed by the information for the related post.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Gladys Lai, and Pema Bakshi, "5 TikTok Fashion Trends Everyone is Wearing IRL," Vogue (blog), May 28, 2021, accessed June 28, 2021, https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/trends/4-tiktok-fashion-trends-everyone-is-wearing-irl/image-gallery/74b88974bd06733c65153ae0897316db.

2. Alessandro Checco et al., "Can AI be Used Ethically to Assist Peer Review?" LSE Impact Blog, The London School of Economics and Political Science, May 17, 2021, accessed June 28, 2021, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2021/05/17/can-ai-be-used-ethically-to-assist-peer-review/.

Shortened note examples

3. Lai and Bakshi, "5 TikTok Fashion Trends."

4. Checco et al., "Can AI be Used Ethically?"

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Lai, Gladys, and Pema Bakshi. "5 TikTok Fashion Trends Everyone is Wearing IRL." Vogue (blog), May 28, 2021. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/trends/4-tiktok-fashion-trends-everyone-is-wearing-irl/image-gallery/74b88974bd06733c65153ae0897316db.

Checco, Alessandro, Lorenzo Bracciale, Pierpaulo Loreti, Stephen Pinfield, and Giuseppe Bianchi. "Can AI be Used Ethically to Assist Peer Review?" LSE Impact Blog, The London School of Economics and Political Science, May 17, 2021. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2021/05/17/can-ai-be-used-ethically-to-assist-peer-review/.

As social media content is usually untitled, use the text of the post itself (up to 160 characters) in place of a title.

If an author's screen-name is available, include it in parentheses after their name. If only the screen-name is known, use that instead of the author's name.

Include the name of the social media site, and if relevant, include the type of post (photo, video) as in the Twitter example below.

To find a direct URL for a Facebook post, use the search function on the Facebook page to find the post and then copy the URL.

Social media comments should be cited in reference to the related post and in the shortened form.

Private content, including direct messages, is considered a form of personal communication.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Grace Tame (@tamepunk), " “Making Noise” Kirsty Neilson—for this year’s Archibald Prize," Instagram, May 27, 2021, accessed June 28, 2021, https://www.instagram.com/p/CPXh8CRLJTE/.

2. Clementine Ford (@clemenine_ford), “Let’s have a conversation about consent! with Clementine Ford," Twitter Video, April 27, 2021, accessed June 28, 2021, https://twitter.com/clementine_ford/status/1386832309777616898.

3. ABC Radio National, "This week is Australian Fashion Week," Facebook, June 4, 2021, accessed June 28, 2021, https://www.facebook.com/page/94861512377/search/?q=fashion.

Shortened note examples

4. Tame, "Making Noise."

5. Ford, "Let’s have a conversation."

6. ABC Radio National, "Australian Fashion Week."

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Tame, Grace (@tamepunk). " “Making Noise” Kirsty Neilson—for this year’s Archibald Prize." Instagram. May 27, 2021. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.instagram.com/p/CPXh8CRLJTE/.

Ford, Clementine (@clementine_ford). “Let’s have a conversation about consent! with Clementine Ford." Twitter Video. April 27, 2021. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://twitter.com/clementine_ford/status/1386832309777616898.

ABC Radio National. "This week is Australian Fashion Week." Facebook. June 4, 2021. Accessed June 28, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/page/94861512377/search/?q=fashion.

Government documents often list an organisation as the author, or a person as author. The government organisation, agency, or department may be both the author and the publisher of a document.

Note rule

or

Note example

1. Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Waste Code Transition to Environment Protection Regulations 202, 1967.2 (Melbourne, 2021), 1-22, https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/about-epa/publications/1967-2.

Shortened note example

2. Waste Code Transition to Environment Protection Regulations 202, 5.

Bibliography note

OR

Bibliography example

Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Waste Code Transition to Environment Protection Regulations 202, 1967.2 (Melbourne, 2021). https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/about-epa/publications/1967-2.

To reference a standard published by an Australian or international standards organisation or specific industry group, include the name of the organisation, the title of the standard (in italics), an edition or other identifying number or label, and publication information. Standards consulted online should include a URL.

Rule for note

Note examples

1. Sun Protective Clothing: Evaluation and Classification, (AS 4399:2020), Sydney, NSW. https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/sa-snz/consumer/tx-021/as--4399-colon-2020.

2. SAI Global. Glass in Building: Tempered Soda Lime Silicate Safety Glass, (ISO 12540:2017), Sydney, NSW. https://www.iso.org/standard/62574.html.

3. Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, 5th ed., ed. Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, and François Yergeau (W3C, November 26, 2008), http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/.

Shortened note examples

4. Glass in Building.

5. Sun Protective Clothing.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

SAI Global. Sun Protective Clothing: Evaluation and Classification, (AS 4399:2020), Sydney, NSW. https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/sa-snz/consumer/tx-021/as--4399-colon-2020.

SAI Global. Glass in Building: Tempered Soda Lime Silicate Safety Glass, (ISO 12540:2017), Sydney, NSW. https://www.iso.org/standard/62574.

html.

Patents are cited under the names of the creators and dated by the year of filing.

Rule for note

Note example

1. Iizuka, Masanori, and Hideki Tanaka. Cement admixture. US Patent 4,586,960, filed June 26, 1984, and issued May 6, 1986.

2. Cook, Fred C., and William H. Donaldson. Mega Yacht Mass Tracking System with Articulating Sail Feeder. US Patent US20100282152A1, filed May 7, 2009, and issued November 11, 2010, 3.

Shortened note example

3. Cook, Mega Yacht Mass Tracking System, 3.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Cook, Fred C., and William H. Donaldson. Mega Yacht Mass Tracking System with Articulating Sail Feeder. US Patent US20100282152A1, filed May 7, 2009, and issued November 11, 2010.

Iizuka, Masanori, and Hideki Tanaka. Cement admixture. US Patent 4,586,960, filed June 26, 1984, and issued May 6, 1986.

Visual materials can include illustrations, photographs, images, paintings, diagrams, maps and graphs.

Visual materials that you use in your assignment or for study purposes do not need the copyright permissions that are required for publishing or commercial use. However, it is essential that you give credit to the creator of the work and reference it in your work. This can be done using a caption or a note.

Citations are also influenced by the location of where you found the image or creative work. Where possible, cite the original rather than a reproduction.

Visual materials from books, articles and other sources that you refer to but don’t reproduce should be cited in the standard format of the source as described in the other sections of this guide.

Visual materials are not usually included in a bibliography. Some courses might request a list of illustrations or figures.

Your lecturer may have specific requirements for referencing illustrations and artworks. Any directions given by your lecturer must be followed, even if they differ from this guide.

Using Captions

Captions are used to provide a description of illustrations, images and artworks. These are usually placed below the illustration.

A figure number is used in the caption to identify each illustration. These figures are numbered sequentially in the order in which they appear.

Illustrations you create of your own work are not usually referenced. However, a caption such as “Figure 7. Photograph by author” or “Figure 11. Initial sketches” might be appropriate when other illustrations in your assignment are referenced.

Make sure you refer to the figure in your writing and include the figure number. The word figure is always written in full and lower case, except when in parentheses when it is abbreviated (fig. 1).

Caption rule (Own work)

Figure number. Description or explanation.

Caption example

Figure 1. Author’s photograph showing design development.

Caption rule (reproduced artwork)

Figure number. Artist’s Given Name Artist’s Family Name, Title of work, Year produced. Medium. Source - Publishing details of where you found it.

If the image was on a website include the URL, otherwise provide the source details as described in other areas of this guide.

Caption example

Figure 2. Artist unknown, Tapestry with Dragons and Flowers, 11-12th C., Silk tapestry, 53.3 x 33 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39733?

or if found in a book

Figure 2. Artist unknown, Tapestry with Dragons and Flowers, 11-12th C., Silk tapestry, 53.3 x 33 cm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, in Alicia Jaynes and  James Liaw, Weaving in silk, (London: Periwinkle Press: 1968), 37.

Art or creative work (viewed in person)

Works viewed in person, such as art galleries, museums and public spaces, are cited to acknowledge their influence on the development of your own ideas or work.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Jackson Pollock, Blue poles. 1952. Oil, enamel, aluminium paint, glass on canvas. 212.1 x 488.9cm. National Gallery of Australia.

2. Annie Leibovitz, Annie. More Demi Moore. 1991. Photograph. Vanity Fair, cover, August 1991.

Shortened notes

1. Pollock, Blue poles.

2. Leibovitz, More Demi Moore.

List of figures rule

Figure number. Artist’s full name. Title of work. Year of production. Medium, dimensions. Collection, Place of collection. Acquisition details. Courtesy line. Photographic credit.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Leibovitz, Annie, More Demi Moore. 1991. Photograph. Vanity Fair, cover, August 1991.

Pollock, Jackson, Blue poles, 1952. Oil, enamel, aluminium paint, glass on canvas. National Gallery of Australia.

Art or creative work (reproduced from another publication)

Note rule

Note rule (from a book)

Note example

1. August Macke, Zoological Gardens 1, 1912. Oil, canvas. In Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin Fugier, Zoo (London: Reaktion Books, 2002), 268.

Shortened note

1. Macke, Zoological Gardens 1, 268.

Bibliography rule

The publication only should be recorded in the bibliography.

Bibliography example

Baratay, Eric and Elisabeth Hardouin Fugier, Zoo. London: Reaktion Books, 2002.

Art or creative work (viewed online)

Note rule

Note examples

1. Henry Burn, Swanston Street from the Bridge, 1861, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Victoria, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4294/.

2. Wayne Pinkston, The Elephant Walks at Night, 2017, Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pinks2000/38054867995/in/explore-2017-12-09/.

Shortened notes

1. Burn, Swanston Street from the Bridge.

2. Pinkston, The Elephant Walks at Night.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Burn, Henry, Swanston Street from the Bridge, 1861, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Victoria, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4294/.

Pinkston, Wayne, 2017. The Elephant Walks at Night, 2017, Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pinks2000/38054867995/in/explore-2017-12-09/.

Caption rule (Own work)

Figure number. Description or explanation.

Caption examples

Figure 1. Frequency of buyers regret based purchase type.

Figure 2. Park visitor responses to light and sound installation.

Bibliography

Unpublished tables, graphs and other diagrams that you create are not recorded in the bibliography.

Caption rule (Reproduced work)

Caption example

Figure 1. Glenohumeral joint. in Sharon Gustowski, Maria Budner-Gentry, and Ryan Seals, Osteopathic techniques: the learner's guide. (New York: Thieme, 2017), 72, 4.25.

Note example

1. Gustowski, Budner-Gentry, and Seals, 72, 4.25.

Bibliography

Gustowski, Sharon, Maria Budner-Gentry, and Ryan Seals, Osteopathic techniques: the learner's guide. New York: Thieme, 2017.

Published interviews

For a published interview follow the same rules as the relevant format e.g. news broadcast, print article, online video or podcast with one major difference:

The Interviewee is treated as the author i.e. person primarily responsible for the content. If the interviewee is clearly identified in the Title, their name can be omitted from the note; but their name must appear first in the bibliography entry.

Note rule

Note example

1. Kory Stamper, interview by Terry Gross, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” in Fresh Air, April 19, 2017, podcast, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. “Holly Herndon and Mat Dryhurst: Inhuman Intelligence (Machine Listening),” interview by Sean Dockray, Liquid Architecture, January 20, 2020, podcast, https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/holly-herndon-mat-dryhurst-inhuman-intelligence-machine/id1501072515?i=1000467579474.

Shortened note example

3. Stamper, interview.

4. Herndon and Dryhurst, interview.

Bibliography rule

Bibliography example

Stamper, Kory. Interview by Terry Gross. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” In Fresh Air. April 19, 2017. Podcast. 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Herndon, Holly and Mat Dryhurst. “Holly Herndon and Mat Dryhurst: Inhuman Intelligence (Machine Listening).” Interview by Sean Dockray. In Liquid Architecture. January 20, 2020. Podcast. https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/holly-herndon-mat-dryhurst-inhuman-intelligence-machine/id1501072515?i=1000467579474.

Unpublished interviews

An unpubplished interview may be cited in notes but not listed in the bibliography.

• Include the names of both interviewee and interviewer.

• Include date and location of interview and whether the transcript is available.

• If the interviewee prefers to be anonymous, you must explain this in your text.

Note rule

Note example

1. Lance Artcore, interview by Brooklyn Fox, Melbourne, VIC, April 23, 2019.

2. Interview with a contact tracer, August 4, 2020.

Shortened note examples

3. Artcore, interview.

4. Contact tracer, interview.

Personal communication e.g. letters, email, text messages, and social media messages, can be cited in a note within the text, but are not listed in the bibliography.

Note rule

Note example

1. Diane Evans, email correspondence, February 24, 2019.

Shortened note rule

Shortened note example

2. Evans, email.

Theses and dissertations are mostly cited and referenced like books. Rather than italics, titles of thesis are enclosed in quotation marks.

If the thesis or dissertation is accessed online, include a URL. However, if the URL requires an account login, include only the database or repository name. In parentheses, include any identification number supplied by the database.

Hard copy theses or dissertations do not require a URL or database/repository name.

When the document is labelled PhD dissertation, use the abbreviation PhD diss.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Tanya Court, "The Site Re-Presented: Everyday Civic Landscapes" (PhD diss., RMIT University, 2019), RMIT Research Repository (9921864000901341).

2. Christine Kuhling, "Rewriting Tourist Photography" (PhD thesis, Western Sydney University, 2017), 30, Western Sydney University Library ResearchDirect (47965).

Shortened note examples

3. Court, "The Site Re-Presented."

4. Kuhling, "Rewriting Tourist Photography."

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Court, Tanya. "The Site Re-Presented: Everyday Civic Landscapes." PhD diss., RMIT University, 2019. RMIT Research Repository (9921864000901341).

Kuhling, Christine."Rewriting Tourist Photography." PhD thesis, Western Sydney University, 2017. Western Sydney University Library ResearchDirect (47965).

Include the lecture URL if there is one available.

Note rule

Note examples

1. Tran Duc Linh, "Math 2081: Week 1 Lecture," MATH 2081: Mathematics for Computing (Lecture, Online: RMIT University, June 28, 2021). https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/dc38f791-8ce3-4e33-866a-5144380799f9.

2. David Smith, "Communication 101: Week 3 Lecture," COMM204: Communication (Lecture, Melbourne: RMIT University July 2, 2021).

Shortened note examples

3. Linh, "Math 2081."

4. Smith, "Communication 101."

Bibliography rule

Bibliography examples

Linh, Tran Duc. "Math 2081: Week 1 Lecture," MATH2081. Mathematics for Computing.Online: RMIT University, June 28, 2021.https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/dc38f791-8ce3-4e33-866a-5144380799f9.

Smith, David. "Communication 101: Week 3 Lecture," COMM204. Communication. Melbourne: RMIT University, July 2, 2021.